2.8 A&B

• Intelligence: The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. 

• General Intelligence (“g” factor): A general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically expressed. 

• Fluid Intelligence: The ability to reason and think flexibly; tends to diminish with age. 

• Crystallized Intelligence: The accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills acquired throughout life; tends to increase with age. 

• Theory of Multiple Intelligences: Describes different types of intelligence based on various skills and abilities. 

Measuring Intelligence 

• Mental Age: The level of intelligence test performance, representing cognitive ability. 

• Chronological Age: Age measured in years from birth to present. 

• Intelligence Quotient (IQ): A score derived from the formula . 

• Intelligence Tests: Assess an individual’s mental aptitude and compare them with others. 

• Aptitude Tests: Designed to assess a person’s potential or capability to learn new skills. 

• Achievement Tests: Measure a person’s level of knowledge or proficiency in a specific area. 

• Psychometrics: The scientific study of the measurement of abilities, attitudes, and traits. 

• Standardization: Establishing uniform testing procedures and comparing scores with a pretested group. 

• Normal Curve: A bell-shaped distribution of scores where most scores cluster around the average. 

• Reliability: The tendency of a test to produce consistent results over time. 

• Test-Retest Reliability: The consistency of test results when administered at different times. 

• Split-Half Reliability: The extent to which different parts of a test contribute equally to what is being measured. 

• Validity: The accuracy with which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. 

• Content Validity: The extent to which a test samples the relevant behaviors of interest. 

• Construct Validity: How well a test measures the concept or trait it intends to measure. 

• Predictive Validity: The effectiveness of a test in predicting future performance. 

• Flynn Effect: The observed rise in average intelligence test scores over time, across various cultures.