APUSH Unit 6 MCQ Study Guide

Effects of “National Economy”::Republican Economic Plan, Railroads built by corporations (government let it run independent and encouraged it, while in industrial Europe nationalized/government-controlled, American style resulted in rapid expansion & humanitarian issues), tariff (boom in domestic industry), new national banking system

Transcontinental railroad::Railroad spreading across continent, allowed for faster trade, connected agricultural west and industrial east

End of civil war::13th Amendment, Appomattox Court House Surrender, Lincoln assassination, Johnson Reconstruction (Lincoln-esque, disliked by Radical Republicans, many pardoned etc.)

Western Expansion::Railroads, Expansion into native territory - Sand Creek Massacre, Fetterman Massacre, Battle of Wounded Knee, etc. and further assimilation of natives

Homestead Act::Encouraged expansion, government gives individuals land

Telephones/telegraph::Alexander Graham Bell

How does it change farming? Industry? Effect on overall economy?::

Goals/Vision of Republican and Democratic Parties POST civil war::Republican - Mass expansion, large manufacturing, big business, big government, Hamiltonian in some senses, Northern states; Democratic - Relatively pro-laborer, skeptical of business, small government, Jeffersonian in some senses, Southern State (however, Dem establishment moves towards Populist ideologically)

Who are they supporting?::Republicans - businesses, corporations; Democrats - laborer

Why?::

How are they doing it?::

Creation of Labor Unions and Worker movements::Response to Gilded Age corporations, workers threaten to stunt production rates as a response to treatment

Why?::Workers claimed corporation treated unfairly

Govt. responses/shifting attitudes (Gilded age vs. Progressive Era)::Early reform efforts - Pendleton Act, Sherman Antitrust Act; Progressive Era - Work of Muckrakers noticed, Roosevelt Progressivism seeks to limit corporation power, control of corporations with Sherman Antitrust Act, Department of Commerce and Labor, Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, consumer protection with Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act

Significant conflicts or issues::

Knights of Labor: Organization and Decline vs. American Federation of Labor: Successes and differences.::

2nd Wave immigration::Italian and Chinese immigration

Differences from “First Wave”::First wave - (south) German and Irish, high anti-catholic sentiment; Second Wave - Italian and Chinese, preserved old culture through ethnic districts (Chinatown, Little Italy)

Nativist sentiment (why?)::South/East European discrimination, Chinese Exclusion Act, seen as anarchist, communist, etc.

Booker T Washington::

Key Ideas/Vision for African American Progress::

The Atlanta Compromise::

W.E.B. Dubois::

Disagreements with Washington::

NAACP::

Robber Barons/Captains of Industry::

JP Morgan::

Andrew Carnegie::

John Rockefeller::

“Gospel of Wealth”…what is Carnegie’s main idea::

Populist Movement::”We believe that the power of government - of the people - should expanded rapidly and far to end the oppression, injustice, poverty."

Key figures::William Jennings Bryan

Main base of support (Who is likely to be a populist?)::Farmers, Labor Unions

Core Ideas/Goals::Free silver, direct election of US senators, govt. control of currency, graduated income tax, low-cost public financing for farmers, recognition of labor unions, government ownership of railroads, one-term president, initiative and referendum, shorter work day

“Free Silver”::Advocated dollar backed by gold and silver, increase money in circulation, cause inflation/decrease in value of dollar, farmers and workers could pay back debts easier (since dollar has less value; think 1 trillion zimbabwe dollar vs 1 trillion zimbabwe dollar pre-inflation, 1 trillion zimbabwe dollar now has less meaning and value)

Horizontal Integration & Vertical Integration::integration→raw materials→manufacturing→distribution→retail; horizontal integration - control over one part of process (ie. control over manufacturing); vertical integration - control over all parts of process (ie. control over raw materials through retail)

Main idea/Goal + Example of each:: horizontal integration - purchase of competing companies in same industry (Rockefeller & Standard Oil); vertical integration - purchase of companies at all levels of production (Carnegie’s steel empire)

Negative effects of Gilded Age Industry::

Child Labor::

Crowded Cities::

Unsanitary Conditions::

Injured workers::

Plessy V. Ferguson::

Case Background and Ruling/effect on society::

Muckrakers::

Who are they?::

Main goals?::

How do they achieve their goals?::

Progressivism::clean up politics, limit power of big business, reduce poverty, promote social justice

Key reformers::Teddy Roosevelt, William H. Taft, Woodrow Wilson

Progressive Amendments/Govt. Achievements:: Roosevelt - Square Deal: conservation of natural resources, corporate regulation, consumer protection; Taft - more trusts busted, less union-friendly; Wilson - Triple Wall of Privilege: tariffs (Underwood Tariff Bill), banks (Federal Reserve Act), trusts (Clayton Anti-Trust Act)