Unit 3 Part 2: Exploration (Due Wednesday) Name: Delaney Simeral 

Lesson 11 Topic 3: European Conquests in the Americas

1. Taino - Native American group encountered by Columbus when he first arrived in the West Indies

2. Conquistador - “conqueror” in Spanish; a leader in the Spanish conquests of America, Mexico, and Peru in the sixteenth century

3. Immunity - resistance, such as the power to keep from being affected by a disease

4. Hernan Cortes - 1485–1547 was a Spanish landowner in Cuba, conquistador, who led an expedition to Mexico. Allied with some Native American groups, conquered the Aztec empire, including its capital Tenochititlán in 1521, was appointed governor of new spain in 1522, later retired.

5. Tenochtitlan - capital city of the Aztec empire, on which modern-day Mexico City was built

6. Malinche - 1401–1550 was a young Indian woman, called Doña Marina by the Spanish. She spoke Maya and Aztec, learned Spanish, and was Cortés’s translator & advisor. Then converted to Christianity, married one of Cortés’s soldiers, and went to Spain, where she enjoyed a friendly reception.

7. Alliance - formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense

8. Moctezuma - 1466–1520 was the last Aztec emperor, who thought that Cortés was an Aztec god-kingl. He was defeated by Cortés and forced to sign over his land and treasure, then taken prisoner and killed in a Spanish/Aztec battle.

9. Francisco Pizarro -  1476–1541 born into a very poor Spanish family and in 1513 joined Balboa’s expedition to discover the “South Sea.” In 1532, he arrived in Peru with his brothers, deposed the Incan ruler Atahualpa, conquered Peru, founded Lima in 1535, and was later assassinated by Spanish rivals.

10. Civil War - a war fought between groups of people in the same nation

11. Privateer - Dutch, English, and French pirates who preyed on treasure ships from the Americas in the 1500s, operating with the approval of European governments

12. Viceroy - representative of the king of Spain who ruled colonies in his name

13. Encomienda - the right, granted by Spanish monarchs to conquistadors, to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area

14. Bartolomé de Las Casas - 1474 – 1566 was a Dominican priest, historian, and early advocate for human rights in the Americas. 

15. Peon - a worker forced to labor for a landlord to pay off a debt that is impossible to pay off in his or her lifetime, which is incurred by food, tool, or seeds the landlord has advanced to him or her

16. Peninsular - in Spanish colonial America, a person born in Spain

17. Creole - in Spanish colonial America, an American-born descendant of Spanish settlers

18. Mestizo - in Spanish colonial America, a person of Native American and European descent

19. Mulatto - in Spanish colonial America, a person of African and European descent