Animal cell:

• cell membrane

• rough endoplasmic reticulum

• golgi apparutus

• cytolasm

• lysosome

• ribosome

• smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• mitochondrion

plant cell:

• smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• ribosomes

• nucleus - nuclear pore, nuclear envelope

• rough endoplasmic reticulum

• golgi apparutus

• golgi vesicles

• cytoplasm

• mitochondrion

• vacuole

• chloroplast

• cell wall

• plasma membrane

Nucleus

• structure

  • nuclear envelope - double membrane

  • nuclear pores

  • nucleoplasm - granular, jelly-like material

  • chromosomes - protein bound linear DNA

  • nucleolus - smaller sphere inside which is the site of rRNA production and makes ribosomes

• function

  • site of DNA replication and transcription (making mRNA)

  • contains the genetic code for each cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

• structure

  • can be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER)

  • both have folded membranes called cisternae

  • rough - have ribosomes on the cisternae

• function

  • RER - protein synthesis

  • SER - synthesis and store lipids and carbohydrates

Golgi apparatus and vesicles

• structure

  • folded membranes making cisternae

  • secretary vesicles pinch off from the cisternae

• function

  • add carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins

  • produce secretory enzymes

  • secrete carbohydrate

  • transport, modify and store lipids

  • form lysosomes

  • molecules are "labelled” with their destination

  • finished products are transported to cell surface in golgi vesicles where they fuse with the membrane and the contents is released

Lysosomes

• structure

  • bags of digestive enzymes

• function

  • hydrolyse phagocytic cells

  • completely break down dead cells - autolysis

  • exocytosis - release enzymes to outside of the cell to destroy material

  • digest worn out organelles for reuse of materials

Mitochondria

• structure

  • double membrane

  • inner membrane called cristae

  • fluid center called the mitochondrial matrix

  • loop of mitochondria DNA

• function

  • site of aerobic respiration

  • site of ATP production

  • DNA to code for enzymes needed in respiration

Ribosomes

• structure

  • small, made up of two sub-units of protein and rRNA

  • 80S - large ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells (25nm)

  • 70S - smaller ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts

• function

  • the site of protein synthesis

Vacuole

• structure

  • filled with fluid surrounded by a single membrane called a tonoplast

• function

  • mak cells turgid and therefore provide support

  • temporary store of sugars and amino acids

  • the pigments may colour petals to attract pollinators

Chloroplasts

• structure

  • surrounded by a double membrane

  • contains thylakoids - folded membranes embedded with pigment

  • fluid filled stroma contains enzymes for photosynthesis

  • found in plants

• function

  • site of photosynthesis

Cell walls

• structure

  • found in plant and fungi cells

  • plants - made of microfibrils of the cellulose polymer

  • fungi - made of chitin, a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide

• function

  • provide structural strength to the cell

Plasma membrane

• structure

  • found in all cells

  • phospholipid bilayer - molecules embed within ad attached on the outside - proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol

• function

  • controls the entrance and exit of molecules