UCSP-HANDOUT-4-Q

Economic Institutions

Nonmarket Institutions

• Reciprocity

  • Exchange of goods or labor between community members

  • Example: Exchanging food or labor with neighbors

• Transfer

  • Redistribution of income not matched by actual exchange

  • Example: Donations or financial assistance from relatives or government programs (4P's, pensions, subsidies)

• Redistribution

  • Combines transfer and reciprocity

  • Centralized collection and distribution of goods

  • Example: Student organization collecting and distributing relief goods during the pandemic

Market Institutions

• Market Transactions

  • Parties sell goods/services for cash

  • Examples: Sari-sari stores, food industry

• Role of Government

  • Regulates market prices (e.g., Suggested Retail Price - SRP) to protect consumers

    • Tasked to DTI

  • Regulates labor prices through minimum wage laws to protect workers

  • Collects taxes from workers' income, business profits, and goods/services to fund spending

    • Examples: Purchase of fighter planes, construction of railways, social benefits, public services, subsidies

Education as a Social Institution

Overview

• Education

  • Process of socializing society members

  • Transmission of skills, knowledge, and values from teachers to learners

• Types of Education

  • Formal Education: Classroom setting with trained educators

    • Primary Education: Compulsory six years from grades 1-6

    • Secondary Education: Four years junior high + two years senior high

    • Tertiary Education: Offered by colleges/universities, typically a 4-year program

    • Vocational Education: Technical training programs varying from weeks to two years

    • Special Education (SPED): Modifications for individuals needing tailored practices

    • Non-Formal Education: Organized outdoor educational activities without age limits

    • Informal Education: Lifelong learning from daily experiences

Functions of Education

• Training in specific skills and overall literacy

• Preparation for jobs and preserving culture

• Promoting democratic participation and logical thinking

• Building personal character and enriching intellectual horizons

Goals of Education

• Productive Citizenry: Becoming a productive member of society

• Self-Actualization: Achieving personal dreams and aspirations

Education as a Human Right

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• Right to education is recognized globally

• Free and compulsory primary education is essential

• Higher education should be generally available

Philippine Context

• Education as a right enshrined in the 1987 Constitution

Social and Political Stratification

Differentiation

• Classification of individuals based on characteristics (occupation, age, etc.)

Social Stratification

• Categorization into socioeconomic strata based on occupation and income

Social Classes

1. Upper Class: Elite, wealthy families

2. Middle Class: Professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and small business owners

3. Lower Class: Office workers, farm employees, and low-income families

Status

• Individual's position in the social structure

Social Desirables

Aspirations and Limitations

• Ascribed statuses: Assigned by society (sex, ethnicity)

• Achieved statuses: Earned through personal efforts (education, awards)

Prestige and Esteem

• Prestige: Evaluation of status; respect based on social category

• Esteem: Assessment based on role performance; higher ratings for good performance

Political Stratification

• Inequalities influenced by political structures regarding power and authority

Social Mobility

• Social Mobility: Movement from one social status to another

  • Open class system allows for change

  • Closed class system limits change

Types of Social Mobility

• Horizontal Mobility: Movement within a social class

• Vertical Mobility: Movement between different social class levels

Social Inequality

Definition and Causes

• Uneven distribution of opportunities and rewards in society

• Correlated with gender, ethnicity, and disability

Gender and Sexual Orientation

• Historical lower status of women, ongoing discrimination against LGBT community

Ethnic Minorities and PWD

• Marginalization of ethnic minorities and challenges faced by individuals with disabilities

Dominant vs. Minority Groups

Dominance and Privilege

• Dominant group sets societal standards, enjoys more privileges

• Minority groups face discrimination and lower status

Discrimination and Prejudice

• Discrimination: Act of depriving minorities of equal treatment

• Prejudice: Negative attitudes toward certain groups

Stereotyping and Ethnocentrism

• Stereotyping: Generalization about a group

• Ethnocentrism: Belief in the superiority of one's own group

Addressing Social Inequality

• Legislation and awareness for change

Legislation Supporting Rights

• Expanded Maternity Leave Law (RA 11210)

• Prohibition on Discrimination Against Women (RA 6725)

• Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act (RA 9262)

• Assistance for Small-Scale Women Entrepreneurs (RA 7882)

• Anti-Sexual Harassment Act (RA 7877)

• The Anti-Rape Law (RA 8353)

• Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act (RA 8505)

Additional Legislation

• Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710)

• National Women's Day (RA 6949)

• SOGIE Equality Bill - proposed law for LGBT rights

• Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (RA 8371)

• Laws for Persons with Disabilities (PWD): Multiple acts aimed at rights and rehabilitation

Addressing Social Inequality

• Need for cultural transformation and public education

Challenges in Human Adaptation

Environmental Changes

• Global warming and climate change as pressing issues

• Need for adaptation strategies

Migration Trends

• Migration: Geographic mobility for settlement

  • Types: International, internal, and circular migration

  • Transnational migrants: Living across borders (e.g. Overseas Filipino Workers)

Participatory Governance

• Importance of citizen engagement in societal issues

• New media's role in facilitating societal participation

Social Movements

• Mobilization to promote or resist societal changes

  • Examples: Environmentalism, feminism

Conclusion

• Need for continued education, understanding, and action to tackle social inequality and adapt to global changes.