Psy211w Openstax

Chapter 1

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a proposed explanation.
Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in philosophy.
Critical thinking, use of the scientific method, critical evaluation of sources of information are all mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed to.
One would need at least a bachelor's degree to serve as a school psychologist.
If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, they would probably need a PHD degree in psychology.
An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a personality.
A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a biological psychologist.
The operant conditioning chamber (aka Skinner box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.
Max Wertheimer would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components.
The PsyD places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills.
One would need a Bachelor's degree to serve as a school psychologist.
Abraham Maslow is most well-known for proposing hierarchy of needs.
Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.
The operant conditioning chamber (aka Skinner Box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.
In Milgram’s controversial study on obedience, nearly ⅔ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.
A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as an I-O psychologist.
The PsyD places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills.
Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? Masters degree

Chapter 2

Scientific hypotheses are testable and falsifiable.
Facts are defined as observable realities.
Scientific knowledge is empirical.
Major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories were not testable.
Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): case study.
Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.
The major limitation of case studies is the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population.
The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting.
Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as archival research.
Longitudinal research involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.
A(n) survey is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form.
Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of attrition
Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that: As height increases, weight typically increases.
Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? -0.92
Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam? Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.
The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when it is closest to 0.
Random sampling means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.
The independent variable is controlled by the experimenter, while the dependent variable represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.
Researchers must operationalize important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.
Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) placebo to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment.
IACUC is to animal research as IRB is to human research.
Researchers might use deception when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses.
A person’s participation in a research project must be voluntary.
Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the informed consent form.

Chapter 3

A(n) mutation is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA.
Genotype refers to a person's genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to a person's physical characteristics.
Epigenetics is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression.
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
The dendrites receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons.
A(n) agonist facilitates or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system.
Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the myelin sheath.
An action potential involves Na+ moving inside the cell and K+ moving outside the cell.
Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the somatic nervous system.
If your parasympathetic nervous system is activated, you will feel relatively at ease.
The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
Sympathetic activation is associated with pupil dilation and increased heart rate.
The thalamus is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing.
Damage to the Wernicke's Area disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact.
A(n) MRI uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue.
Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain? substantia nigra
The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are: glucagon and insulin
The pituitary secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands.
The adrenal gland secretes epinephrine.
The pituitary secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels.

Chapter 5

The process by which information is organized, interpreted and consciously experienced is: Perception
The taste grouping that allows us to respond to monosodium glutamate is called: Umami
Free nerve endings serve as sensory receptors for temperature and pain stimuli.
According to the principle of Proximity, objects that occur close to one another tend to be grouped together.
Our tendency to perceive things as complete objects rather than as a series of parts is known as the principle of closure.
Which of the following correctly matches the pattern in our perception of color as we move from short wavelengths to long wavelengths? Yellow to Orange to Red
The fovea is a small indentation of the retina that contains cones.
Binocular depth cues require the use of both eyes.
Hair cells located near the base of the basilar membrane respond best to High frequency sounds.
Absolute Threshold refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% of the time.
The audible range for humans is 20-20,000 Hz.
The quality of a sound that is affected by frequency, amplitude, and timing of the sound wave is known as timbre.
Hearing aids might be effective for treating conductive hearing loss.
Cues that require two ears are referred to as binaural cues.
Which of the following is involved in maintaining balance and body posture? vestibular system.
According to the law of good continuation, we are more likely to perceive smoothly flowing lines rather than choppy or jagged lines.
The main point of focus in a visual display is known as the figure.
Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as sensory adaptation.
Transduction involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.
The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves, x-rays, and infrared lights.
Cones operate best under bright light conditions.
If you were to stare at a green dot for a relatively long period of time and then shift your gaze to a blank, white screen, you would see a red negative afterimage.
The three ossicles of the middle ear are known as malleus, incus, and stapes.
Chemical messages often sent between two members of a species to communicate something about reproductive status are called pheromones.

Chapter 8

Working memory is a memory store with a phonological loop, visualization sketchpad, episodic buffer, and a central executive.
The storage capacity of long-term memory is essentially limitless.
The three functions of memory are encoding, storage, and retrieval.
This physical trace of memory is known as the engram.
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a flashbulb memory.
Egocentric bias is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as blocking.
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called construction, and the process of bringing up old memories is called reconstruction.
When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) acrostic.
According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about a traumatic life experience.
The self-reference effect refers to making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you.

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are mnemonic devices.