Page 1: Introduction

BSC 2085 Lecture 2

-Title: General Orientation to Human Anatomy-Presenter: Hernan Aviles

Page 2: Anatomical Position

Definition of Anatomical Position

• A standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions and dissection.

• Key features:

  • Person stands erect

  • Feet flat on the floor

  • Arms at the sides

  • Palms, eyes, and face facing forward

Forearm Positions

• Supine:

  • Palms face forwards or upwards

  • Radius and ulna are parallel

• Prone:

  • Palms face rearward or downward

  • Radius and ulna are crossed

Page 3: Anatomical Planes and Sections

Overview of Anatomical Planes

• Planes are imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body.

• Sections: Anatomical views if the body is cut on a plane.

Types of Planes

• Sagittal Plane: Divides body into right and left halves.

  • Median Plane: Creates equal halves (midsagittal)

• Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides body into front and back portions.

• Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides body into upper and lower portions.

Page 4: Directional Terms

Common Directional Terms

• Dorsal/Ventral: Back/Front

• Anterior/Posterior: Front/Back

• Superior/Inferior: Above/Below

• Medial/Lateral: Toward the midline/Away from midline

• Proximal/Distal: Closest/Farthest from a reference point

• Superficial/Deep: Closer to surface/Further from surface

Intermediate Directions

• Often described by combinations of these terms (e.g., dorsolateral).

Different Meanings in Humans and Animals

• Anterior:

  • In humans: surface of chest & belly

  • In four-legged animals: head end

• Posterior:

  • In humans: back side

  • In four-legged animals: tail end

Page 5: Body Regions

Axial Region

• Comprises: Head, neck, and trunk

• Important subdivisions:

  • Thoracic region

  • Abdominal region

Appendicular Region

• Comprises: Upper and lower limbs

Page 6: Axial Region Details

Breakdown of Axial Regions

• Above Diaphragm: Trunk

• Below Diaphragm: Abdomen

Quadrants and Nine Regions

• Divided into quadrants to describe pain.

• Nine regions illustrated by a tic-tac-toe grid.

Page 7: Appendicular Region Details

Structure of the Appendicular Region

• Upper Limb:

  • Brachium (arm)

  • Antebrachium (forearm)

  • Carpus (wrist)

  • Manus (hand)

  • Digits (fingers)

• Lower Limb:

  • Thigh

  • Crus (leg)

  • Tarsus (ankle)

  • Pes (foot)

  • Digits (toes)

Page 8: Regional Terms

Key Terminology

• Introduction to various regional terms used in anatomy.

Page 9: Body Cavities and Membranes

Major Body Cavities

• Dorsal Body Cavity:

  • Cranial cavity

  • Vertebral canal

• Ventral Body Cavity:

  • Thoracic cavity (separated by diaphragm)

  • Abdominopelvic cavity

  • Abdominal cavity

  • Pelvic cavity

Lining and Contents

• Lined by membranes and filled with viscera.

Page 10: Thoracic Cavity Details

Components of the Thoracic Cavity

• Pericardial Cavity: Contains the heart.

• Pleural Cavities: Surrounds the lungs.

• Mediastinum:

  • Median portion containing heart, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus.

  • Separates the left from the right pleural cavities.

Page 11: Serous Membranes

Function and Types of Serous Membranes

• Pleura: Cover lungs and line rib cage (visceral & parietal).

• Pericardium: Covers heart and lines pericardial sac (visceral & parietal).

Page 12: Abdominopelvic Cavity

Separation and Contents

• Pelvic Brim: Separates abdominal and pelvic cavity.

• Abdominal Cavity: Contains GI tract, kidneys, and ureters.

• Pelvic Cavity: Contains rectum, bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs.

Membranes

• Peritoneum: Covers abdominal cavity.

  • Visceral & parietal peritoneum.

• Peritoneal Cavity: Contains peritoneal fluid.

Page 13: Retroperitoneal Organs

Location and Examples

• Located between parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall.

• Description of "retro" as behind.

• Examples: kidneys, pancreas, ureters, adrenal glands, aorta, inferior vena cava.

Page 14: Membranes of Abdominal Cavity

Structure and Function

• Mesentery: Suspends small intestines to the dorsal wall (continuation of peritoneum).

• Mesocolon: Suspends large intestine to dorsal wall.

• Greater Omentum: Hangs from stomach to transverse colon.

• Lesser Omentum: Extends from stomach to liver.

Page 15: Potential Spaces

Overview of Potential Spaces

• Found between two tissue layers that are normally pressed firmly together.

• May separate and fill with fluid under unusual situations.

Examples

• Pleural Cavity: Air or fluid can accumulate between parietal and visceral pleura.

• Uterus: Internal cavity (lumen) where mucous membranes walls are in contact in a nonpregnant uterus.

Page 16: Organ Systems Overview

11 Organ Systems

• Integumentary

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Lymphatic & Immune

• Respiratory

• Urinary

• Nervous

• Endocrine

• Circulatory

• Digestive

• Reproductive

Page 17: Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems

Detailed Overview

• Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails, glands.

• Skeletal System: Bones, cartilages.

• Muscular System: Skeletal muscles and ligaments.

Page 18: Lymphatic, Respiratory, and Urinary Systems

System Functions

• Lymphatic System: Thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels.

• Respiratory System: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

• Urinary System: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

Page 19: Nervous and Endocrine Systems

Components

• Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves.

• Endocrine System: Glands (pituitary, pineal, thyroid, thymus, adrenal), organs (pancreas, testes, ovaries).

• Circulatory System: Heart, blood vessels.

Page 20: Digestive and Reproductive Systems

Structures and Functions

• Digestive System: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

• Reproductive System:

  • Male: testes, ducts, glands (prostate, bulbourethral), penis.

  • Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands.