-Title: General Orientation to Human Anatomy-Presenter: Hernan Aviles
A standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions and dissection.
Key features:
Person stands erect
Feet flat on the floor
Arms at the sides
Palms, eyes, and face facing forward
Supine:
Palms face forwards or upwards
Radius and ulna are parallel
Prone:
Palms face rearward or downward
Radius and ulna are crossed
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body.
Sections: Anatomical views if the body is cut on a plane.
Sagittal Plane: Divides body into right and left halves.
Median Plane: Creates equal halves (midsagittal)
Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides body into front and back portions.
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides body into upper and lower portions.
Dorsal/Ventral: Back/Front
Anterior/Posterior: Front/Back
Superior/Inferior: Above/Below
Medial/Lateral: Toward the midline/Away from midline
Proximal/Distal: Closest/Farthest from a reference point
Superficial/Deep: Closer to surface/Further from surface
Often described by combinations of these terms (e.g., dorsolateral).
Anterior:
In humans: surface of chest & belly
In four-legged animals: head end
Posterior:
In humans: back side
In four-legged animals: tail end
Comprises: Head, neck, and trunk
Important subdivisions:
Thoracic region
Abdominal region
Comprises: Upper and lower limbs
Above Diaphragm: Trunk
Below Diaphragm: Abdomen
Divided into quadrants to describe pain.
Nine regions illustrated by a tic-tac-toe grid.
Upper Limb:
Brachium (arm)
Antebrachium (forearm)
Carpus (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Digits (fingers)
Lower Limb:
Thigh
Crus (leg)
Tarsus (ankle)
Pes (foot)
Digits (toes)
Introduction to various regional terms used in anatomy.
Dorsal Body Cavity:
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Ventral Body Cavity:
Thoracic cavity (separated by diaphragm)
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Lined by membranes and filled with viscera.
Pericardial Cavity: Contains the heart.
Pleural Cavities: Surrounds the lungs.
Mediastinum:
Median portion containing heart, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus.
Separates the left from the right pleural cavities.
Pleura: Cover lungs and line rib cage (visceral & parietal).
Pericardium: Covers heart and lines pericardial sac (visceral & parietal).
Pelvic Brim: Separates abdominal and pelvic cavity.
Abdominal Cavity: Contains GI tract, kidneys, and ureters.
Pelvic Cavity: Contains rectum, bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs.
Peritoneum: Covers abdominal cavity.
Visceral & parietal peritoneum.
Peritoneal Cavity: Contains peritoneal fluid.
Located between parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall.
Description of "retro" as behind.
Examples: kidneys, pancreas, ureters, adrenal glands, aorta, inferior vena cava.
Mesentery: Suspends small intestines to the dorsal wall (continuation of peritoneum).
Mesocolon: Suspends large intestine to dorsal wall.
Greater Omentum: Hangs from stomach to transverse colon.
Lesser Omentum: Extends from stomach to liver.
Found between two tissue layers that are normally pressed firmly together.
May separate and fill with fluid under unusual situations.
Pleural Cavity: Air or fluid can accumulate between parietal and visceral pleura.
Uterus: Internal cavity (lumen) where mucous membranes walls are in contact in a nonpregnant uterus.
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Lymphatic & Immune
Respiratory
Urinary
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Digestive
Reproductive
Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails, glands.
Skeletal System: Bones, cartilages.
Muscular System: Skeletal muscles and ligaments.
Lymphatic System: Thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels.
Respiratory System: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
Urinary System: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves.
Endocrine System: Glands (pituitary, pineal, thyroid, thymus, adrenal), organs (pancreas, testes, ovaries).
Circulatory System: Heart, blood vessels.
Digestive System: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder.
Reproductive System:
Male: testes, ducts, glands (prostate, bulbourethral), penis.
Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands.