Anatomy and phy lecture 2

Page 1: Introduction

BSC 2085 Lecture 2

-Title: General Orientation to Human Anatomy-Presenter: Hernan Aviles

Page 2: Anatomical Position

Definition of Anatomical Position

  • A standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions and dissection.

  • Key features:

    • Person stands erect

    • Feet flat on the floor

    • Arms at the sides

    • Palms, eyes, and face facing forward

Forearm Positions

  • Supine:

    • Palms face forwards or upwards

    • Radius and ulna are parallel

  • Prone:

    • Palms face rearward or downward

    • Radius and ulna are crossed

Page 3: Anatomical Planes and Sections

Overview of Anatomical Planes

  • Planes are imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body.

  • Sections: Anatomical views if the body is cut on a plane.

Types of Planes

  • Sagittal Plane: Divides body into right and left halves.

    • Median Plane: Creates equal halves (midsagittal)

  • Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides body into front and back portions.

  • Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides body into upper and lower portions.

Page 4: Directional Terms

Common Directional Terms

  • Dorsal/Ventral: Back/Front

  • Anterior/Posterior: Front/Back

  • Superior/Inferior: Above/Below

  • Medial/Lateral: Toward the midline/Away from midline

  • Proximal/Distal: Closest/Farthest from a reference point

  • Superficial/Deep: Closer to surface/Further from surface

Intermediate Directions

  • Often described by combinations of these terms (e.g., dorsolateral).

Different Meanings in Humans and Animals

  • Anterior:

    • In humans: surface of chest & belly

    • In four-legged animals: head end

  • Posterior:

    • In humans: back side

    • In four-legged animals: tail end

Page 5: Body Regions

Axial Region

  • Comprises: Head, neck, and trunk

  • Important subdivisions:

    • Thoracic region

    • Abdominal region

Appendicular Region

  • Comprises: Upper and lower limbs

Page 6: Axial Region Details

Breakdown of Axial Regions

  • Above Diaphragm: Trunk

  • Below Diaphragm: Abdomen

Quadrants and Nine Regions

  • Divided into quadrants to describe pain.

  • Nine regions illustrated by a tic-tac-toe grid.

Page 7: Appendicular Region Details

Structure of the Appendicular Region

  • Upper Limb:

    • Brachium (arm)

    • Antebrachium (forearm)

    • Carpus (wrist)

    • Manus (hand)

    • Digits (fingers)

  • Lower Limb:

    • Thigh

    • Crus (leg)

    • Tarsus (ankle)

    • Pes (foot)

    • Digits (toes)

Page 8: Regional Terms

Key Terminology

  • Introduction to various regional terms used in anatomy.

Page 9: Body Cavities and Membranes

Major Body Cavities

  • Dorsal Body Cavity:

    • Cranial cavity

    • Vertebral canal

  • Ventral Body Cavity:

    • Thoracic cavity (separated by diaphragm)

    • Abdominopelvic cavity

    • Abdominal cavity

    • Pelvic cavity

Lining and Contents

  • Lined by membranes and filled with viscera.

Page 10: Thoracic Cavity Details

Components of the Thoracic Cavity

  • Pericardial Cavity: Contains the heart.

  • Pleural Cavities: Surrounds the lungs.

  • Mediastinum:

    • Median portion containing heart, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus.

    • Separates the left from the right pleural cavities.

Page 11: Serous Membranes

Function and Types of Serous Membranes

  • Pleura: Cover lungs and line rib cage (visceral & parietal).

  • Pericardium: Covers heart and lines pericardial sac (visceral & parietal).

Page 12: Abdominopelvic Cavity

Separation and Contents

  • Pelvic Brim: Separates abdominal and pelvic cavity.

  • Abdominal Cavity: Contains GI tract, kidneys, and ureters.

  • Pelvic Cavity: Contains rectum, bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs.

Membranes

  • Peritoneum: Covers abdominal cavity.

    • Visceral & parietal peritoneum.

  • Peritoneal Cavity: Contains peritoneal fluid.

Page 13: Retroperitoneal Organs

Location and Examples

  • Located between parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall.

  • Description of "retro" as behind.

  • Examples: kidneys, pancreas, ureters, adrenal glands, aorta, inferior vena cava.

Page 14: Membranes of Abdominal Cavity

Structure and Function

  • Mesentery: Suspends small intestines to the dorsal wall (continuation of peritoneum).

  • Mesocolon: Suspends large intestine to dorsal wall.

  • Greater Omentum: Hangs from stomach to transverse colon.

  • Lesser Omentum: Extends from stomach to liver.

Page 15: Potential Spaces

Overview of Potential Spaces

  • Found between two tissue layers that are normally pressed firmly together.

  • May separate and fill with fluid under unusual situations.

Examples

  • Pleural Cavity: Air or fluid can accumulate between parietal and visceral pleura.

  • Uterus: Internal cavity (lumen) where mucous membranes walls are in contact in a nonpregnant uterus.

Page 16: Organ Systems Overview

11 Organ Systems

  • Integumentary

  • Skeletal

  • Muscular

  • Lymphatic & Immune

  • Respiratory

  • Urinary

  • Nervous

  • Endocrine

  • Circulatory

  • Digestive

  • Reproductive

Page 17: Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems

Detailed Overview

  • Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails, glands.

  • Skeletal System: Bones, cartilages.

  • Muscular System: Skeletal muscles and ligaments.

Page 18: Lymphatic, Respiratory, and Urinary Systems

System Functions

  • Lymphatic System: Thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels.

  • Respiratory System: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

  • Urinary System: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

Page 19: Nervous and Endocrine Systems

Components

  • Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves.

  • Endocrine System: Glands (pituitary, pineal, thyroid, thymus, adrenal), organs (pancreas, testes, ovaries).

  • Circulatory System: Heart, blood vessels.

Page 20: Digestive and Reproductive Systems

Structures and Functions

  • Digestive System: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

  • Reproductive System:

    • Male: testes, ducts, glands (prostate, bulbourethral), penis.

    • Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands.

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