K103 Lab and Human Physiology Vocabulary Review

• Lung Volumes and Capacities

  • Respiration Process:

    • Pulmonary Ventilation: Movement of gases between the lungs and the environment.

    • Pulmonary Gas Exchange: Movement of gases between lungs and blood.

    • Gas Transport: Movement of gases within the bloodstream.

    • Tissue/Blood Gas Exchange: Movement between bloodstream and tissues.

    • Cellular Respiration: Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production by cells.

  • Structure of the Respiratory System:

    • Comprises tubes branching into clusters of alveoli (air sacs).

    • Alveoli walls facilitate gas exchange due to their thinness and large surface area.

    • Important factors: surface area, diffusion distance, concentration gradient.

  • Lung Volumes:

    • Tidal Volume (TV): Volume of air per breath.

    • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Air inhaled above TV.

    • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Air exhaled beyond TV.

    • Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining post-expiration.

  • Lung Capacities:

    • Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV + IRV.

    • Vital Capacity (VC) = TV + IRV + ERV.

    • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = ERV + RV (starting volume in a breathing cycle).

    • Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = TV + IRV + ERV + RV.

• Experiment 1: Breathing at Rest vs. After Exercise

  • Objective: Measure and analyze breathing parameters in healthy individuals.

  • Breathing at Rest:

    • Subjects breathe normally through a spirometer, recording lung volumes and flows.

    • Measurements include Tidal Volume, maximum inspiratory and expiratory flow rates, breath period.

  • Breathing After Exercise: High heart rates lead to differing breathing volumes and capacities.

• Heart Rate Dynamics:

  • Heart Rate at Rest and Recovery: The relationship of breathing rate and heart rate modulated by the autonomic nervous system.

  • Experimental Setup:

    • Use sphygmomanometer sensors to monitor pulse and ECG during different states (rest, exercise, apnea).

  • Measurements:

    • Beat Period, Pulse-Pulse Interval, and R-Pulse Interval calculations to gauge cardiovascular response.

• Nervous System Overview:

  • Functions: sensory input handling, integration of stimuli, motor responses execution.

  • Composed of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

  • Reflex actions: Short-latency (immediate responses) and long-latency (involving higher processing).

• Reactions and Responses:

  • Simple reflex: involves sensory and motor neurons without brain involvement (e.g., knee-jerk reflex).

  • Complex reflex: involves interneurons with longer latency (e.g., withdrawal from harmful stimuli).

• Laboratory Procedures:

  • Data Recording: LabScribe software for recording lung volumes, pulse rate & ECG during breathing exercises.

  • Analysis: Understand graphs for volumes, capacities, heart rates, and how these parameters shift across different trials.

  • Assignment: Calculate and synthesize experimental findings.

• Immunology and Blood Studies:

  • Understand antigen-antibody interactions, focusing on immune responses observed in lab settings. \n - Key test protocols include ELISA, double immunodiffusion assays.

  • Comparative analysis of immune responses across species through cross-reactivity studies.

• Safety Protocols:

  • Standard lab safety: appropriate personal protective equipment, cleanliness in handling biological samples, protocols for disposal of waste.

  • Ensure healthy participants and ecological integrity in experiments with living subjects.

Respiration Process involves several key components:

• Pulmonary Ventilation: Movement of gases between the lungs and the environment.

• Pulmonary Gas Exchange: Movement of gases between lungs and blood.

• Gas Transport: Movement of gases within the bloodstream.

• Tissue/Blood Gas Exchange: Movement between bloodstream and tissues.

• Cellular Respiration: Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production by cells.

Structure of the Respiratory System comprises tubes that branch into clusters of alveoli, which facilitate gas exchange due to their thin walls and large surface area. Important factors include surface area, diffusion distance, and concentration gradient.

Lung Volumes:

• Tidal Volume (TV): Volume of air per breath.

• Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Air inhaled above TV.

• Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Air exhaled beyond TV.

• Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining post-expiration.

Lung Capacities:

• Inspiratory Capacity (IC): TV + IRV.

• Vital Capacity (VC): TV + IRV + ERV.

• Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): ERV + RV (starting volume in a breathing cycle).

• Total Lung Capacity (TLC): TV + IRV + ERV + RV.

Experiment 1: Breathing at Rest vs. After Exercise evaluates lung volumes and breathing parameters under different conditions.

Breathing at Rest involves normal respiration through a spirometer. Post-exercise conditions alter heart rates and breathing patterns.

Heart Rate Dynamics: Explores the relationship between breathing and heart rates, affected by the autonomic nervous system.

Nervous System Overview: Comprises the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), managing sensory input, stimulus integration, and motor responses.

Laboratory Procedures include using LabScribe software to record experiments and analyze data on lung volumes and heart rate shifts.

Immunology and Blood Studies focus on antigen-antibody interactions in immune responses, utilizing tests like ELISA.

Safety Protocols are essential for maintaining lab hygiene and ensuring participant safety during experiments.