Statistical Analysis

Bar Graphs: A bar graph with gaps representing categories and numerical values 

Histogram: A bar graph with no gaps depicting frequency distribution (all numerical)

Scatterplots: A graph cluster of two variables, with a slope suggesting a positive, negative, or no relationship

Regress towards the mean: The phenomenon that if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement 

Qualitative Measures: Gathering detailed and descriptive information, like through interviews or observations, without focusing on numbers or statistics.

Quantitative Measures: Tools for gathering data in numerical form

Correlation Coefficient: Measures how strong a relationship is between two variables, ranging from -1 to 1 to represent the correlation

Positive Correlations: Those above 0 (example: income and years of education)

Negative correlations: Those below 0 (example: depression and average life expectancy)

Positive Skew: One where the bulk of information on the graph is skewed right

Negative Skew: One where the bulk of information on the graph is skewed left

Bimodal frequency distribution: A dataset that contains two peaks

Bell curve: Has only one peak

Central tendencies: The middle or typical value in a data set.

  • Mean: The average of all values

  • Median: The middle value when the data is sorted

  • Mode: The most frequent value in the data

  • Range: Difference between highest and lowest scores

Percentile: A measure that indicates the value below which a given percentage of observations in a group of observations fall

Example: A child scoring in the 90th percentile means they scored higher than 90% of the other children who took the same time

Standard Deviation: A number that shows how much the values in a group differ from the average (mean)

Peer Review:  When scholarly work or research proposal is evaluated by other experts in the field

Replication: The process of repeating a research study under the same conditions as the original to validate the findings and increase reliability