REVISED REVIEW-UNIT 1:INTRO

• Definition of Social Science

  • Social science encompasses fields outside natural sciences like society, culture, and language.

  • It focuses on studying society, groups, individuals, and social phenomena using a scientific method.

• History of Social Sciences

  • Social sciences emerged during the Age of Enlightenment in Europe in the 1700s.

  • Modern social sciences were a result of questioning human behavior and societal norms.

  • Philosophers like Kant, Locke, and Rousseau criticized ignorance and promoted reason and observation.

• Impact of Enlightenment

  • The Enlightenment encouraged intellectual exchange, scientific discoveries, and challenged authority.

  • It led to revolutions like the American and French Revolutions, promoting equality and reason.

• Scientific Method in Social Sciences

  • The scientific observation and method became the basis for studying social behavior.

  • Authors believed that laws of nature could be applied to understand human behavior.

• Overview of Anthropology, Psychology, and Sociology

  • Anthropology studies human beings as a species and cultural groups.

  • Psychology focuses on the mind and behavior, studying mental processes and triggers.

  • Sociology studies people in groups, examining social behavior, structures, and institutions.

• Anthropology

  • Anthropology is divided into biological, cultural, linguistic, and archaeology subdisciplines.

  • It aims to understand human origins, development, and future.

• Psychology

  • Psychology studies mental processes, behavior triggers, and underlying causes.

  • Despite the complexity of the mind, psychologists use experiments to understand behavior.

• Sociology

  • Sociology studies human social behavior, social structures, and their impact on society.

  • It examines group activities, social institutions, and the laws governing human behavior.

• Complexity of Psychology

  • Psychology studies the mind and behavior, although mental processes are not directly observable.

  • Psychologists use human behavior as evidence of how the mind works.

• Sociology's Focus

  • Sociology studies human behavior in social contexts, examining social structures and institutions.

  • It explores how social structures influence human behavior and attitudes.

• Insights from Social Sciences

  • Social sciences provide new perspectives on society and human behavior, challenging common sense beliefs.

• Schools of Thought in Anthropology

  • Anthropology studies humankind across space and time, focusing on Homo sapiens and their ancestors.

  • It includes physical and cultural anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology, aiming to understand human ancestry.

• Physical Anthropology

  • Concerned with human variation like hair and skin color, blood types, metabolic rates, and disease resistance.

  • Variations provide insights into evolutionary conditions.

• Cultural Anthropology

  • Focuses on investigating culture, which includes language, traditions, beliefs.

  • Culture is learned, dynamic, shared, and has material and non-material aspects.

  • Contains symbols, values, and norms.

• Subfields of Cultural Anthropology

  • Archaeology studies culture through material remains.

  • Linguistic anthropology focuses on human language.

  • Ethnology studies recent or contemporary cultures through behavior observation.

  • Ethnography involves living within a group for an extended period for participant observation.

• Schools of Thought in Anthropology

  • Anthropology encompasses various theories and schools of thought.

  • Theories are suppositions to explain phenomena, not facts.

• Functionalism

  • Views cultures as solutions to universal human problems.

  • Identifies five basic social institutions: family, economic, political, educational, religious.

  • Focuses on the purpose and functions of norms, customs, and institutions.

• Structuralism

  • Analyzes cultural phenomena to identify underlying structures and patterns.

  • Focuses on binary opposites and how cultures classify things.

• Cultural Materialism

  • Seeks to explain cultural aspects within a materialistic framework.

  • Divides societies into infrastructure and structure components.

• Functionalism

  • Emphasizes explaining cultures without judgment (cultural relativism).

  • Critics argue it overemphasizes societal stability and downplays negative effects.

• Structuralism

  • Levi-Strauss focused on ordered patterns in cultural phenomena.

  • Culture is understood through deep structures and binary opposites.

• Cultural Materialism

  • Founded by Marvin Harris, explains cultural aspects within materialistic frameworks.

  • Societies are structured into infrastructure and structure components.

• Superstructure in Cultural Materialism

  • Social institutions like law, religion, art, science, and values are crucial.

  • Cultural materialism emphasizes that production and reproduction drive culture.

  • Society develops based on trial and error, with non-beneficial aspects disappearing.

  • Environment influences the type of society that develops.

• What is Sociology?

  • Sociology studies human social behavior collectively.

  • Rooted in ancient Greece, modern sociology emerged during the Enlightenment and industrial revolution.

  • Concerned with economic, social, political, and religious group activities.

• The Industrial Revolutions

  • Radical economic changes from agriculture to large-scale manufacturing.

  • Led to social problems like pollution, malnutrition, and unemployment.

  • Major social unrest and disorder emerged.

• Political Revolutions

  • American and French Revolutions influenced societal changes.

  • Motivated by freedom and liberty, causing upheavals in governments and societies.

• Structural Functionalism

  • Societies must meet basic needs to survive.

  • Social institutions fulfill specific roles and needs.

  • Focus on manifest and latent functions of social institutions.

  • Emphasize shared beliefs and values for societal equilibrium.

• Neo-Marxism/Conflict

  • Economic power leads to social change.

  • Capitalist system perpetuates divisions of wealth and power.

  • Focus on class struggles and exploitation of social classes.

• Neo-Marxism Continued

  • Rich and powerful benefit while the poor become frustrated.

  • Focus on economic power influencing social institutions.

  • Criticized for limited explanation of society.

• Symbolic Interactionism

  • Humans construct meanings to interact with their environment.

  • Focus on active use of symbols and interpretations in interactions.

  • Core principles include meaning, language, and thought in social interactions.

• Prominent Theorists in Sociology:

  • George Herbert Mead, Charles Horton Cooley, Herbert Blumer

• Feminist Theory:

  • Similarities with conflict perspective

  • Studies power in relation to gender at macro and micro levels

  • Core idea: women systematically oppressed, men historically dominant

  • Gender ideology justifies social roles and inequalities

  • Various feminist perspectives: liberal, Marxian, radical, socialist

• Social Issues Addressed by Feminist Theory:

  • Sexual orientation, race, economic status, nationality

• Critiques of Feminist Theory:

  • Overemphasis on gender as a determinant in society

  • Other factors like race, social class, income also affect equity

• Social Exchange Theory:

  • Individuals maximize rewards and minimize costs in interactions

  • Structured by reciprocity and past experiences

  • All social interactions and institutions based on exchange of rewards and costs

• Inclusionism in Sociology:

  • Evolution from assimilationist views on race/ethnicity

  • Shift towards multiculturalism and inclusion of diverse identities

• Psychology and Schools of Thought:

  • Origins in ancient civilizations like Greece, Egypt, Persia, and China

  • Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle explored nature of the mind

  • Modern psychology traced back to late 19th century in Germany

• Inclusionism in Modern Multicultural Nations:

  • Aim to create an environment for equal participation and contribution regardless of ethnicity, race, or gender

• Psychology Origins:

  • Prehistoric practices like trephination

  • Philosophical exploration by ancient thinkers like Plato and Aristotle

  • Modern psychology birth in late 19th century Germany with pioneers like Wilhelm Wundt, Ivan Pavlov, Sigmund Freud

• Modern Subfields of Psychology

  • Biological Psychology

    • Focuses on biological processes and heredity in behavior.

  • Psychoanalytic Psychology

    • Emphasizes unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences.

    • Sigmund Freud's belief in the unconscious mind's influence on personality.

  • Behavioural Psychology

    • Studies the role of the environment in shaping behavior.

  • Cognitive Psychology

    • Focuses on mental processes underlying behavior, like learning disabilities.

  • Humanistic Psychology

    • Considers individual subjective experiences in understanding behavior.

  • Sociocultural Psychology

    • Explores the effects of society on culture and behavior.

• Popular Theories

  • Psychoanalytic Theory

    • Mind divided into conscious and unconscious parts.

    • Freud's emphasis on early childhood experiences and unconscious influence.

  • Behaviourism

    • Focuses on observable behavior and learning potential.

    • Pavlov's classical conditioning and Skinner's operant conditioning.

  • Social Learning

    • Bandura's research on learning through modeling.

• Behaviourism

  • Studies observable behavior over internal events.

  • Notable figures like Watson, Thorndike, Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura.

  • Concepts like "Tabula rasa" and learning potential in humans.

• Classical Conditioning

  • Pavlov's experiment on conditioning dogs.

  • Elements like unconditioned stimulus/response and conditioned stimulus/response.

• Operant Conditioning

  • Skinner's theory on learning through reinforcement.

  • Positive and negative reinforcement shaping behavior.

• Social Learning

  • Bandura's complex view on learning through modeling.

  • Enactive and vicarious learning.

• UNIT 2 SOCIAL CHANGE

  • Social Change

    • Definition and implications of social change.

    • Factors influencing social change and its rates.

    • Forces influencing social change and its impact.

  • Anthropological View

    • Margaret Mead's perspective on social change.

    • Comparison of social change to immigrants adjusting to a new country.

  • Culture and Social Change

    • Anthropologists identify factors contributing to cultural change: Invention, Discovery, Diffraction.

    • Natural environment shifts like climate change can also lead to cultural change.

    • Cultural change can be positive or negative.

    • Enculturation focuses on how individuals learn and internalize cultural ideas.

  • Psychological View of Social Change

    • Psychologists study people's attitudes and behaviors in relation to social change.

    • They explore factors influencing behavior modification programs and attitudes.

    • Cognitive dissonance can lead to a disconnect between thoughts and actions.

  • Sociological View of Social Change

    • Sociologists analyze shifts in attitudes and behaviors of whole societies.

    • They debate whether social change is patterned or arbitrary.

    • Perspectives on social change include Decay, Cycles of Growth and Decay, and Progress.

  • Sociological Perspectives on Social Change

    • Sociologists question if social change is caused by single or multiple factors.

    • Karl Marx's sociological determinism linked social change to the struggle for economic power.

    • Sociologists believe human behavior is patterned and predictable.

  • Anthropology and Social Change: Technology

    • Technology drives social and cultural change through invention, discovery, and diffusion.

    • The printing press revolutionized literacy and access to knowledge.

    • Technology can have both positive and negative consequences on society.

  • Technology and Social Change

    • Technology extends human abilities and alters the environment.

    • Social change theories explore various factors contributing to change.

    • Technological determinism argues that technology drives social change.

    • Unintended consequences of technological innovations can have significant impacts on society.

  • Importance of Innovation

    • Focus on the change in interpersonal dynamics brought by innovation

    • Example of TV popularization in the 1950s and its consequences like mass media spread

  • Coping with Technological Change

    • Canadians embrace new technologies without considering consequences

    • Stress from rapid introduction of innovations leading to "future shock"

    • Overdependence on technology negatively affects society

  • Negative Effects of Technology

    • Eager acceptance of new technologies without considering repercussions

    • Unprecedented rate of innovation introduction causing stress

    • Diminished patience due to instant access to information impacting core values

  • Overdependence on Technology

    • Growing dependence on technology negatively affects individuals

    • Technosis: severe feeling when without technology leading to phobias and addictions

  • Sociological Theories of Social Change

    • Evolutionary Theory

      • Societies evolve from simple to complex forms

      • Social change signifies progress towards betterment

    • Cyclical Theories

      • Focus on rise and fall of civilizations

      • Toynbee's concept of challenge and response in civilizations

    • Functionalist/Dynamic Theories

      • Change alters the state of equilibrium leading to a new equilibrium

      • Changes can be exogenous or endogenous, requiring societal adjustments

    • Conflict Theories

      • Emphasize forces producing instability and social disorganization

      • Karl Marx's theory of class conflict and its role in social change

  • Forces/Impediments of Social Change

    • Forces of Change

      • Internal forces like grassroots movements and external forces like wars

      • Technology as a significant influencer of societal changes

      • Charismatic leaders, modernizing elites, and populace readiness for change as driving factors.

  • Impediments to Change

    • Forces Preventing Change

      • Tradition

        • People resist change due to traditional beliefs.

        • Examples: Medicine vs. home remedies, Computer vs. human interaction, Gender identity.

      • Expenses

        • High costs of new programs/technologies hinder societal support for change.

        • Examples: Green technologies, Universal healthcare, Infrastructure.

      • Psychology and Social Change

        • Social change often initiated by individuals changing thoughts/behaviors.

        • Debate on changing thoughts or behaviors first for societal change.

        • Theory of cognitive dissonance explains discomfort leading to change.

        • Resolving dissonance by changing behavior or cognition.

  • Psychology and Social Change

    • Individuals changing minds/behaviors lead to social change.

    • Debate on changing thoughts or behaviors first.

    • Examples related to smoking reduction.

    • Theory of cognitive dissonance explains the change process.

    • Resolving dissonance by changing behavior or cognition.

    • Trump Article Summary

      • Discusses Donald Trump's rise in politics through Max Weber's charisma theory.

      • Charismatic leaders emerge in times of crisis offering alternative leadership.

      • Charisma defies rational calculations and works miracles.

      • Trump's appeal lies in challenging norms and unconventional methods.

      • Charisma's ephemeral nature and dependence on crises.

  • Significance of Trump Article

    • Offers a sociological perspective on Trump's rise aligning with study material.

    • Weber's charisma concept resonates with forces influencing social change.

    • Charismatic leaders challenge established norms and systems.

  • School Board Article Summaries

    • Excessive social media use linked to aggression, depression, and anxiety in teenagers.

    • Impact on brain's reward system and neurotransmitters.

    • Governance response to regulate social media for child protection.

    • Ontario school boards suing social media companies for addictive products harming students' mental health.

  • Article Summary

    • Ontario's largest school boards are suing major social media platforms for causing an attention crisis among teens.

    • Platforms like Snapchat, TikTok, Instagram, and Youtube are accused of leading to distraction, social withdrawal, cyberbullying, and aggression among young people.

    • Lawsuit argues that social media companies have interfered with the public right to education and impaired students' mental health.

  • Connection to Provided Material

    • Highlights the impact of technological advancements and social media on social dynamics and individual well-being.

    • Reflects Max Weber's theories on social change and the role of institutions in addressing social issues.

  UNIT 3 SOCIAL TRENDS

  • Definition of Social Trends

    • Large scale changes in society encompassing new fashions, technologies, movements, behaviors, and realities.

    • Majority of society typically follows or is affected by these trends.

  • Fertility and Fecundity Trends

    • Population trends impact society significantly.

    • Changes in fertility rates since 1945 have led to population growth or decline.

    • Fertility refers to actual reproduction, while fecundity denotes the potential to reproduce.

    • Global concerns about overpopulation and declining populations in various regions.

  • Factors Affecting Fertility

    • Physical/environmental factors like infertility rates rising due to various reasons.

    • Sociocultural factors such as delaying parenthood impacting fecundity.

    • Influence of age at marriage on fecundity and fertility trends.

  • Government Policies and Programs

    • Governments implement policies to increase or decrease populations.

    • Examples from Russia, China, Quebec regarding population control policies.

    • Recent initiatives like changes to parental leave and subsidized daycare to encourage higher fertility rates.

  • Economics and the Decision to Parent

    • Socioeconomic environment influences the timing of having children.

    • Financial considerations, including the cost of raising a child in Canada.

    • Impact of parental leave benefits on income and career advancement.

    • Exchange theory suggests women choose to have fewer children due to the high costs involved.

  • Involuntary Childlessness

    • Occurs when a couple or individual wants children but faces obstacles like matelessness or fertility issues.

    • WHO states 17.5% of adults globally are infertile, with various causes.

    • Solutions include domestic adoption, reproductive technologies like IUI, IVF, GIFT, AID, and surrogacy.

    • Adoption rates are low due to perceptions about children and limited availability of infants.

  • Voluntary Childlessness

    • Refers to couples or individuals choosing not to have children.

    • Reasons include personal choice, career focus, and not wanting to be primary caregivers.

    • Stigma exists around voluntary childlessness, especially for women.

    • Different categories of voluntary childless women identified by researchers like Fran Baum and Mardy S. Ireland.

  • Cryopreservation

    • People are turning to cryopreservation for future family planning.

  • Virginia Hausegger's Perspective

    • Virginia Hausegger expresses anger at societal expectations regarding motherhood.

    • She finds fulfillment in other aspects of life and values the freedom of choice in not having children.

  • Attitudes Towards Childlessness

    • Social attitudes often view motherhood as a natural duty for women.

    • Stigma exists around voluntary childlessness, especially for women.

    • Feminists prefer the term "child-free" over "childless" to avoid negative connotations.

  • Trends in Life Cycle

    • Life cycle stages vary across cultures and individuals, influenced by various factors.

  • Adolescence

    • Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood.

    • Rites of passage mark the transition into adulthood in many cultures.

    • The concept of adolescence as a distinct stage is relatively recent in societal recognition.

    • The duration and significance of adolescence vary across societies and historical contexts.

  • Legislation established adolescence as a distinct stage between childhood and adulthood

    • Stanley Hall defined adolescence as a stage starting at puberty with inner turmoil

  • Factors influencing youth culture

    • Adolescence is a significant stage in life influenced by various factors like ethnicity, gender, and socio-economic status

    • Youth culture in developed nations involves teenagers forming their own identities and pulling away from family

    • Psychologist Peter Blos introduced separation-individuation process for teens to establish their own identity

  • Transition into adulthood in the 21st century

    • Emerging adults in Canada are delaying leaving home, getting married, and becoming parents compared to previous generations

    • Young people leaving home later is influenced by social, cultural, and economic factors

  • Social trends and the need for immigrants in Canada

    • Canada faces economic pressures due to low birth rates and an aging population

    • Immigration is crucial for Canada's economic growth and labor force

    • Canada will continue to increase immigration levels to address demographic challenges

  • The rise of the One and Done Family

    • Increase in single-child families in Canada due to various factors like starting parenthood later, economic barriers, and societal pressures

    • Decline in fertility rates in developing countries due to progressive values and access to contraception

  Changes in Women's Choices and Opportunities

  • Equal Pay Act in 1963 and legalization of contraception in 1969 provided more choices and opportunities for women.

  • Shift towards self-fulfillment and fewer children observed.

  • Conflict between work and family life has become more complex.

  • Average age of first-time mothers in Canada has increased to 29.4.

  • Many women delay having children due to student debt and career establishment.

  • Challenges of Parenting

    • High cost of raising a child, averaging $350,000 over 17 years.

    • Middle-class parents spend significant amounts on housing, transportation, and food.

    • Financial challenges lead to decisions for single-child families.

    • Stagnant wages and lack of affordable housing affect family size.

  • Impact on Families

    • Financial pressures lead to decisions for one-and-done parenting.

    • Rising costs of parenting drive fertility decline.

    • Young people bring economic anxiety into parenting, creating a culture of "never enough."

  • Future Projections

    • Labor force expected to shrink, affecting productivity and tax base.

    • Innovation in automation and AI may boost productivity.

    • Fertility decline poses challenges, with calls for government intervention.

    • Immigration remains a key population strategy for Canada.

  • Public Policy and Fertility

    • Government-subsidized childcare could help parents balance work and family.

    • Increased gender equality seen as crucial for improved fertility prospects.

    • Ethical and practical implications of public policies influencing fertility decisions.

  • Parenting Realities

    • Unrealistic expectations in parenting lead to the "never enough" culture.

    • Good-enough parenting movement emphasizes resilience and managing challenges.

    • Emotional experiences of parenthood not tied to the number of children.

  • Cost of Infertility

    • Rising costs of fertility treatments, with IVF costing around $30,000.

    • Canadian government to start covering IVF costs.

    • Increasing costs coincide with Canada's lowest fertility rate.

  • Regretting Motherhood

    • Growing conversation about parental regret, particularly among mothers.

    • Discussion sparked by the first scholarship on regretting motherhood.

    • Mothers express love for their children but feel oppressed by constant responsibility.

  • Cost of Infertility

    • Cayley Benjamin and her husband faced fertility treatment costs of around $30,000, leading them to consider in vitro fertilization.

    • Canadian government's decision to cover IVF due to rising costs of treatment.

    • IVF costs around $20,000 per cycle on average, with many women needing multiple cycles.

    • Decline in fertility rates in Canada, impacting the number of children women are having.

  • Regretting Motherhood

    • Amy, a 34-year-old mother, expresses regret about motherhood due to strain on her marriage.

    • Growing conversation about parental regret, primarily focused on mothers, facilitated by social media.

    • Discussion sparked by Orna Donath's book "Regretting Motherhood: A Study."

    • Mothers feeling trapped or suffocated by their role challenge the idea of innate maternal instinct.

  • Reframing Motherhood

    • Pressure on women to have children is intense, leading to a reevaluation of motherhood.

    • Parental regret as a common emotion influencing decisions on reproduction.

    • Gendered asymmetry in parenting roles, with fathers increasingly involved but women still bearing the majority of childcare responsibilities.

  • Idealization of Motherhood

    • Evolution of the idealization of motherhood from structural to ideological.

    • Proliferation of mommy blogs introducing terms like "sanctimommies" and "mommy wars."

    • U.S. administration's pro-natalist stance and the paradox of women being told to instinctively possess mothering skills.

  • Depiction of Motherhood

    • Motherhood often depicted as a burden with sacrifices and lack of self-fulfillment.

    • Shift towards a more realistic portrayal of motherhood in popular culture.

    • Silencing mothers can lead to unchecked systems and ignore their struggles.

  • Ontario Schooling

    • Introduction of free and compulsory public schooling in Ontario in 1871.

    • Initial resistance overcome by the 1890s, with education seen as beneficial for society.

    • Transformation of the Canadian economy and society due to technology, trade, and improved transportation.

  • European settlement transformed the prairie region, leading to widespread starvation for Aboriginal peoples due to buffalo hunting.

    • Capitalist economy brought salaried jobs, sale of goods for cash to both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people.

    • Grand Trunk Railway connected Maritimes with central Canada, improving transportation.

    • Industrialized cities like Hamilton, St. John, Montreal, Toronto saw 70% of workforce in factories by 1870.

    • Reform movements aimed at improving social and economic conditions, building institutions like asylums, hospitals, and workhouses.

  • Dominion of Canada formed in 1867 from the confederation of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario.

    • Introduction of taxes to raise prices of foreign goods, encouraging Canadians to buy locally manufactured products.

    • Western expansion seen as a way to prevent American expansion, establish a Protestant and English-speaking region.

    • Red River Rebellion occurred after Canada purchased Rupert's Land, leading to the destruction of traditional prairie economy and culture.

  • Education before 1871 was mainly private, with public schooling introduced to help children in workshops and factories.

  • Compulsory education introduced in Ontario in 1871, providing education in English and French for Catholics and Protestants.

    • Public schools were free and compulsory, funded by the government and taxpayers.

    • Compulsory education in Quebec was introduced later, with low school attendance.

  • The Manitoba Act of 1870 required French language instruction, but Manitoba Schools Act removed public support for separate Catholic schools.

    • Compulsory and free education in Canada by the 1890s, but access was restricted by various factors.

  • Delayed Transitions of Young Adulthood:

    • Transition to adulthood taking longer due to factors like living with parents, higher education, and increased fertility rates.

    • Women generally go through major transitions at a younger age than men, influenced by changing societal roles.

    • Delay in child rearing influenced by economic factors, education, and labor force participation.

  • Fertility rates for women under 30 increased since the 1970s due to higher education and labor force participation.

    • Delay in child bearing influenced by social and economic factors, including higher earnings and lower unemployment rates.

  • Young men in Canada's labor market experienced a decline in earnings and education premiums, leading to economic insecurity.

    • Part-time employment growth, rising housing prices, and cultural factors contribute to delayed transitions.

  • Trends indicating longer transition to adulthood today include living with parents, higher education, and increased fertility rates.

  • The five traditional markers of adulthood are completing schooling, full-time work, financial independence, marriage, and parenthood.

  • Millennials Characteristics:

    • Born between 1980 and 2000, biggest age group in American history.

    • High incidence of narcissistic personality disorder and self-involvement.

    • Fame-obsessed, believe in their own greatness, and have stunted development.

    • Lazy, overconfident, with a desire for greater job responsibility.

    • Development stunted due to parents living with them more than with a spouse.

    • Globalization, social media, and Western culture exportation have made them similar to older generations.

  • Impact of Industrial and Information Revolutions:

    • Made individuals more powerful but lacking skills to compete against large organizations.

    • Higher rates of narcissism and unmet career expectations.

  • Effects of Social Media and Technology:

    • Constant socialization through cell phones leading to anti-intellectualism and lack of creativity.

    • Search for dopamine reducing creativity and empathy scores.

  • Millennials as Brands:

    • Turning themselves into microcelebrities through social media presence.

    • Inflating themselves on platforms like Facebook with a focus on self-promotion.

  • Evolutionary Leap of Millennials:

    • Self-involvement not a break but a continuation of a trend.

    • Mutated to adapt to a world of abundance with perceived entitlement.

    • Wide array of career options and freedom to postpone big decisions.

  • Parenting and Cultural Influence:

    • Parents adopting a peer-enting style, outsourcing superego to parents.

    • Influence of celebrities like Kim Kardashian on millennials.

  • Characteristics of Millennials:

    • Earnest optimism, acceptance of the system, and pragmatic idealism.

    • Prioritize new experiences over material goods, cool and reserved.

    • Comfortable in front of the camera, with a rise in micro generations within millennials.

  • Millennials' Characteristics:

    • More Generation Me than Generation We, with a focus on self.

    • Shift towards extrinsic concerns like money and fame, away from intrinsic values.

    • Negative consequences include lower empathy and civic engagement.

  • Cultural Shifts and Socialization:

    • American culture is becoming more individualistic.

    • Youngest members socialized with new values as cultures evolve.

  • Immigration in Canada:

    • Focus on immigration to fill the workforce gap left by aging Baby Boomers.

    • Aggressive plan to take in 500,000 immigrants a year by 2025.

    • Points-based system favoring immigrants with job offers in Canada.

  Social Challenges: Mental Illness in Canada

  • Definition and Impact of Mental Illness

    • Mental illnesses result from various factors like genetic, environmental, and psychosocial.

    • They can disrupt daily life, work, social interactions, and family life.

    • Symptoms range from mild to severe, affecting 1 in 5 people globally.

  • Types of Mental Illness in Canada

    • Anxiety disorders, ADHD, depression, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, post-partum depression, schizophrenia, SAD.

    • Correlation between low income and mental illness.

  • History of Mental Health/Illness in Canada

    • Stigmatization of mental illness in the past.

    • Treatment in asylums with radical methods like electroconvulsive therapy and lobotomy.

    • Shift towards individual/small group therapy and psychotherapeutic drugs.

  • Stigma and Cost of Mental Illness

    • Stigma around mental illness affects socialization and disclosure.

    • Mental illness is a significant cause of disability and economic burden in Canada.

  Social Challenges: Mental Health/Illness in Canada

  • Stigma and Deinstitutionalization

    • Stigma around mental illness affects social interactions and support.

    • Deinstitutionalization led to the closure of asylums and a shift in treatment methods.

  • Cost to Society of Mental Illness

    • Mental illness is a leading cause of disability and economic burden in Canada.

    • Impact on employment, healthcare costs, and overall productivity.

  • Prevalence and Impact of Mental Illness

    • Mental illness affects a significant portion of the population globally.

    • Various types of mental illnesses have different prevalence rates and impacts.

  Poverty

  • Defining Poverty

    • Absolute and relative poverty definitions.

    • LICO as a measure of poverty based on income levels.

    • Working poor and living wage concepts.

  • Living Conditions and Poverty

    • Living wage reflects actual living costs in a community.

    • Ontario deprivation index to identify poverty levels.

  • Prejudice and Discrimination

    • Evolution of attitudes towards prejudice and racism in Canada.

  • Impact of Poverty

    • Poverty affects access to basic needs, healthcare, and social inclusion.

  • Green Revolution and International Business

    • Three components of the Green Revolution impacting international business are not discussed in the provided transcript.

  • Attitudes towards tolerance in Canada changed in the 1960s due to laws like the Bill of Rights, Official Multiculturalism, and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

    • These laws aimed to ensure the rights of every Canadian.

  • Despite progress, subtle prejudice still exists in Canadian society.

    • Awareness of connections between stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, racism, and hate crimes is crucial.

  • Definitions:

    • Prejudice: opinion based on irrelevant considerations.

    • Blatant Prejudice: obvious prejudice.

    • Subtle Prejudice: less obvious but still felt.

    • Stereotypes: overgeneralizations about groups.

    • Discrimination: actions stemming from prejudice.

    • Racism: prejudice or discrimination based on race or cultural background.

  • Stages of Prejudice:

    • Antilocution, Avoidance, Discrimination, Semi-violence or violence, Extermination.

  • Perception and Paradigms:

    • Kenneth Boulding's concept of perception and Joel Barker's addition of paradigms influence opinions based on personal experiences.

  • People form opinions based on personal backgrounds and experiences.

  • Systemic discrimination exists in entire systems like corporations or countries.

    • Examples include women's suffrage in Quebec and segregation in the US.

  • Deviance: Hate and Hate Crimes:

    • The Ecole Polytechnique massacre in Montreal in 1989 targeted women.

    • Marc Lepine's actions were seen as an anti-feminist attack.

  • Causes of Hate:

    • Hatred is intense, based on prejudice and power, directed at scapegoats, and can lead to genocide.

  • Characteristics of Hate:

    • Intense and personal, based on prejudice and power, directed at scapegoats, and can lead to genocide.

  • Examples like the Montreal Massacre show how hatred can be intense and based on prejudice and power.

  • Genocide can be an extreme expression of national hatred, as seen