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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Sistema vestibular

El sistema vestibular es una porción somatosensorial del sistema nervioso que nos proporciona conciencia de la posición espacial de nuestra cabeza y cuerpo (propiocepción) y nuestro propio movimiento (kinestesia). El sistema vestibular está compuesto por una porción central y periférica. La porción periférica consiste en receptores que detectan movimientos, mientras que la porción central consiste en núcleos vestibulares en el tronco encefálico.

\
El neurotransmisor liberado por las células ciliadas es el glutamato, que activa los receptores ionotrópicos en las fibras aferentes. Estas fibras luego transmiten señales al tronco encefálico donde hacen sinapsis con las neuronas en los núcleos vestibulares. Desde aquí, la información sobre la posición y el movimiento de la cabeza se envía a otras partes del cerebro, como el cerebelo y la corteza, para su posterior procesamiento.

]]2]]

]]Este sistema está compuesto por los canales semicirculares, el utrículo y el sáculo, los cuales contienen células ciliadas especializadas que responden a los movimientos de la cabeza y la gravedad.]]

La estimulación de estas células ciliadas es llevada a cabo por los otolitos, partículas que se encuentran en el gel que las rodea, y que se desplazan en respuesta a los movimientos del cuerpo. Los otolitos están compuestos principalmente de carbonato de calcio y proteínas.

La información generada por las células ciliadas del sistema vestibular es enviada al cerebro a través del nervio vestibular. Este proceso de transmisión de señales implica la liberación de neurotransmisores por las células ciliadas, los cuales se unen a los receptores de las células nerviosas en el nervio vestibular, activando así una señal eléctrica que es transmitida al cerebro.

En cuanto a los receptores y ligandos involucrados en este proceso, los otolitos actúan como ligandos al unirse a los canales iónicos de las células ciliadas, permitiendo el flujo de iones a través de los mismos, lo que genera un potencial eléctrico. Los receptores implicados en la transducción de la señal son los canales iónicos activados por ligando, que se encuentran en la membrana de las células ciliadas.

EL SISTEMA VESTIBULAR - MORFOFUNCIÓN (Figura)

 

El sistema vestibular o laberinto, que se continúa con la cóclea, está formado por el laberinto óseo y el membranoso. El laberinto óseo está formado por tres canales semicirculares que se cierran sobre una cavidad central: el vestíbulo, que contiene al sáculo y el utrículo. Todo ello inervado por la rama vestibular del VIII par craneal. Las fibras aferentes primarias de este nervio tienen sus cuerpos neuronales en el ganglio de Scarpa.

 

Entre el laberinto óseo y el membranoso circula la perilinfa (similar al líquido extracelular (LEC) (o al LCR) en composición iónica ) y en el interior del membranoso la endolinfa (similar al líquido intracelular (LIC) en composición iónica).

 

Cada canal semicircular se encuentra formando un ángulo de 90º con respecto al otro, por lo que los tres canales se encuentran orientados en las tres direcciones del espacio: el lateral a 30º respecto al plano horizontal que coincide con la mirada y la cabeza vertical; el posterior (plano vertical) y el anterior (plano vertical) a 45º del plano sagital de la cabeza.

 

Cada canal termina, cerca del utrículo en un ensanchamiento en forma de ampolla: región ampular, donde se encuentra el órgano sensorial del canal. La pared del órgano sensorial se proyecta, dentro de la ampolla, hacia el canal: cresta ampular y en su superficie interna se fija una masa gelatinosa, la cúpula, en cuyo extremo inferior se incluyen los estereocilios de las células ciliares sensoriales del órgano. De esta forma se crea un espacio hermético que ocluye la luz del conducto impidiendo la circulación libre de la endolinfa.

 

Hay dos tipos de células sensoriales. Las tipo I son células con forma de botellón adelgazadas en su parte superior donde en el borde libre, se hallan los estereocilios de distintos grosores que se dirigen hacia el espacio endolinfático.

\n Las células tipo II son de forma cilíndrica también tienen estereocilios. No se han encontrado diferencias funcionales entre ambos tipos de células.

\n Existe una cilio más grueso que los demás llamado kinocilio (cinocilio) que está ubicado en uno de los extremos de la célula, y los otros estereocilios al lado. Los estereocilios de cada célula ciliar se disponen en 5 hileras decrecientes de 8 cilios cada una. Cada estereocilio posee una porción intracelular y otra mayor extracelular, continuación una de la otra, pudiendo apreciarse en éstos una fina estructura central o fibrilla central y una porción periférica a modo de vaina de aquella. Por tanto cada célula posee por termino medio unos 40 estereocilios y un kinocilio. La orientación depende del conducto; así en el conducto lateral, el kinocilio esta ubicado del lado utricular y en los conductos anterior y posterior, en sentido inverso. (Figura)

\n Las células, en ausencia de movimiento ciliar, provocan una descarga eléctrica basal. Cuando hay desplazamiento de la endolinfa y hace movilizar los estereocilios hacia el kinocilio, la descarga basal aumenta. Cuando tiene una dirección contraria, disminuye.

\n Cuando hay movimiento de la cabeza hacia la izquierda, en el conducto lateral o externo izquierdo habrá un desplazamiento ampulípeto (hacia la ampolla) (por la inercia de la endolinfa) con desviación de la cresta hacia el utrículo, mientras que en el derecho habrá un movimiento inverso (ampulífugo). A consecuencia de esto, habrá un aumento de la descarga basal en el lado izquierdo y una disminución en el derecho. Por lo tanto cuando hay un movimiento de la cabeza, hay un aparato sensorial que aumenta sus descargas y otro que las disminuye. Si sigue la rotación cesa la activación dado que la endolinfa y la cresta igualan su desplazamiento con el de la cabeza. Cuando cesa el proceso se invierte y vuelven a activarse los órganos sensores. De esta forma los canales semicirculares informan del inicio y el final de la rotación y no de la rotación en sí [1]. (Figura)

 

En los otros planos cualquier movimiento angular estimulará como mínimo un par de canales semicirculares.

 

Los conductos semicirculares predicen de antemano un desequilibrio. Cuando se produce un movimiento rotatorio que produce desequilibrio se activan dos canales semicirculares, mientras que los otros cuatros actúan de manera opuesta para así favorecer la vuelta a una posición de equilibrio nueva.

 

En definitiva, los canales semicirculares envían información de la aceleración angular de la cabeza.

\

Utrículo y sáculo (Figura)

 

Informan de posiciones de la cabeza en su relación con la gravedad y con la aceleración de tipo lineal

\n El utrículo es una cavidad conectada a los conductos semicirculares. En el plano horizontal y en su parte anterior, se ubica la mácula (órgano otolítico) pequeña vesícula, aplanada transversalmente y adherida a la fosita semiovoídea, donde se sitúan las células sensoriales o ciliares. Éstas son semejantes a las de las ampollas con estereocilios y un kinocilio y misma actividad eléctrica. Las máculas del utrículo, al estar colocadas en el suelo, su orientación es horizontal, captando las lateralizaciones hacia los lados, o inclinaciones de la cabeza y sus desplazamientos lineales hacia atrás y hacia delante.

\n El sáculo situado por debajo del utrículo, es una pequeña vesícula redondeada adherida a la fosita hemisférica. Al nivel de esta fosita se encuentra la mancha acústica del sáculo. El utrículo se comunica con el sáculo por el conducto utriculosacular. Del que parte el conducto endolinfático, termina en un abultamiento en forma de fondo de saco que levanta a la duramadre al nivel de la cara posterior del peñasco. La mácula esta ubicada en un plano vertical y tiene forma sigmoidea. Sus células tienen la misma actividad que las anteriores. Las máculas del sáculo, al estar situada en el plano frontal (vertical), captan los movimientos cefálicos verticales de ascenso y descenso (hacia arriba y hacia abajo) y las aceleraciones lineales hacia delante.

 

En ambas máculas existe una línea imaginaria (estriolas) donde se organizan los manojos de células ciliares a ambos lados y con polarizaciones opuestas. Así la inclinación hacia un lado excita a las células ciliares de ese lado e inhiben a las del otro.

\n Los estereocilios, también están inmersos en una sustancia gelatinosa (la membrana otolítica) que soporta concreciones calcáreas (carbonato cálcico): los otolitos (estatoconias), que ejercen una acción gravitacional sobre el conjunto de estereocilios y sustancia gelatinosa. Los otolitos están anclados en la masa gelatinosa mediante fibras de colágeno, pero pueden desprenderse y disolverse por el espacio endolinfático.

\n El peso de los otolitos dan información gravitacional, por su presión sobre los sensores, y cuando se producen aceleraciones lineales (vuelos, ascensor, etc.) éstos incrementan su presión sobre las células sensoras, además del desplazamiento que puedan sufrir durante el movimiento. Igualmente pueden informar de la inclinación que sufra la cabeza con respecto al plano horizontal.

 

Aunque con menos efectividad que las aceleraciones y desceleraciones lineales, las máculas son también estimuladas por las fuerzas gravitatorias y por las aceleraciones de traslación centrífugas y centrípetas. Así, son estimuladas por los movimientos angulares de baja frecuencia hechos alrededor del eje horizontal trasverso de la cabeza (cabeceo) y del eje anteroposterior (rodamiento). En ambos casos se modifica la dirección del efecto de la gravedad. Sin embargo no responden a las aceleraciones angulares alrededor del eje cefálico vertical.

 

VÍAS VESTIBULARES (Figura)

 

Vías aferentes:

 

20.000 fibras mielinizadas forman parte de la porción vestibular del nervio VIII, cuyos somas primarios se encuentran en el ganglio de Scarpa. De aquí salen las fibras que van a los núcleos vestibulares, que penetran lateralmente en el bulbo al nivel del puente, y otras que van directamente al cerebelo.

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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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