Anatomy and Physiology

Principles of Anatomy & Physiology

Objectives

• Define anatomy and physiology.
• Describe how anatomy and physiology are interrelated.
• Explain the concept of homeostasis.
• Provide examples of homeostasis within the human body.
• Provide examples of the anatomical levels of structural organization.

What is A & P?

• Anatomy – The study of the structure of the body and its parts.
  • Gross (Macro) Anatomy – Study of larger structures visible without a microscope.
  • Microanatomy – Study of microscopic structures (histology).
• Physiology – The study of the function of the body and its parts.

What's Required to Sustain Human Life?

• Oxygen.
• Nutrients.
• Narrow range of temperature.
• Narrow range of atmospheric pressure.

Functions of Human Life

• Organization – Body systems, cells, tissues, etc.
• Metabolism – Catabolism and anabolism.
• Responsiveness – Feedback.
• Movement – Organs, cells, muscles.
• Differentiation – Specialization of cells.
• Growth – Increasing number of cells, amount of non-cellular material, cell size.
• Reproduction – Meiosis and mitosis.

Levels of Organization

• Organ Systems.
  • Refer to figures in the textbook.
• Tissue level of organization.

Human Physiological Environment

• Includes all the internal conditions that optimize individual cell function and body organization.
• Intracellular – Inside the cell.
• Extracellular – Outside the cell.
• Water is an essential component of both internal and external environments.

Homeostasis

• Maintained by balancing the conditions of pH, ions, chemical reactions, and the transport of molecules between internal and external environments.
• Blood pH maintained at $7.35-7.45$.
• Body temperature maintained at $97.6-99.6$ degrees Fahrenheit.
• Effects of dehydration: Impact on cell function.

Metabolism

• Chemical reactions that maintain homeostasis.
• Anabolism – Smaller particles combine to make larger ones, using energy.
• Catabolism – Larger particles break apart to make smaller ones, releasing energy.

Negative Feedback Loop

• Receptor – Senses change in the body (e.g., temperature receptors in skin).
• Control Center – Processes the sensory information, “makes a decision,” and directs the response (often hypothalamus of the brain).
• Effector – Carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis (e.g., cell or organ).

Positive Feedback Loop

• Intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it.
  1. Childbirth.
  2. Blood clotting.
  3. Lactation.

Anatomical Position/Directional Terms

• Anterior (ventral) – Front.
• Posterior (dorsal) – Back.
• Inferior (caudal) – Below.
• Superior (cranial) – Above.
• Lateral – Away from the midline.
• Medial – Toward the midline.
• Proximal – Nearer to the point of attachment.
• Distal – Farther from the point of attachment.
• Superficial – Closer to the surface.
• Deep – Away from the surface.

Directional Planes

• Sagittal
  • Vertical plane divides the body into left and right.
  • Creates medial versus lateral.
• Transverse
  • Horizontal plane divides the body into above/below.
  • Creates superior versus inferior.
• Frontal or coronal
  • Vertical plane divides the body into front/back.
  • Creates anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal.

Body Regions

• Dorsal Body Cavity
  • Cranial Cavity.
  • Vertebral Cavity.
• Ventral Body Cavity
  • Thoracic Cavity.
    • Mediastinum.
    • Pleural Cavity.
    • Pericardial Cavity.
  • Abdominopelvic Cavity.
    • Abdominal cavity.
    • Pelvic cavity.

Regional Names

• Head - Cranial
• Neck - Cervical
• Armpit - Axillary
• Chest - Thoracic
• Bellybutton - Umbilical
• Lower back - Lumbar
• Buttocks - Gluteal
• Groin - Inguinal

Upper Limbs

• Brachial – Upper arm.
• Antebrachial - Forearm.
• Carpal - Wrist.
• Palmar – Palm.

Lower Limbs

• Femoral - Thigh.
• Crural – Lower leg.
• Tarsal - Ankle.
• Patellar – Front of knee.
• Popliteal – Back of knee.
• Plantar – Bottom of foot.

Abdominopelvic Regions/Quadrants

• Movement Vocabulary
  • Circumduction - Circular movement of a limb or part of a limb
  • Flexion - Bending a joint
  • Extension - Straightening a joint
  • Abduction - Moving away from the midline
  • Adduction - Moving toward the midline
  • Supination (Palms to the sky)
  • Pronation (Palms to the planet)
  • Inversion (Soles In)
  • Eversion (Soles Out)

Medical Imaging

• XRAY
• CT Scan
• PET Scan
• Ultrasound
• MRI

Medical Imaging Types

• CT (Computed Tomography)
  • Main characteristic: Scan body organs using X-rays and produce a series of cross-sectional based images via the computer
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
  • Main characteristic: Produce "slices" that represents the human body through applying magnetic signals
• PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
  • Main characteristic: Nuclear imaging technique example where the tracers are used in diseases diagnosis
• SPECT (Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography)
  • A non-invasive based technique where cross-sectional images of radiotracer within the human body are structured
• Ultrasound
  • Sound waves based technique that possesses a high temporal frequency and which is capable of producing quantitative and qualitative diagnostic information through a set of comprised methodologies