HISTORY SA3 SUMMARY

London was a significant metropolis in England, with its population growing from 675,000 in 1750 to 4 million by 1880.
The city was a hub for clerks, shopkeepers, skilled artisans, soldiers, and casual laborers, making it a dynamic and diverse urban center.

By the 19th century, cities like Leeds and Manchester grew due to industrialization, attracting rural migrants to textile mills.
In 1851, three-quarters of Manchester's adults were migrants.
London, despite lacking large factories, became a hub for industries like clothing, footwear, furniture, and precision products (e.g., surgical instruments).
During WWI (1914-18), factories manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods became prominent.

As London expanded, crime became a significant issue, with an estimated 20,000 criminals in the 1870s.
Crimes included stealing coal, food, and clothes, often by the impoverished.
Women, who were integral to the workforce in the 18th century, lost their jobs due to technological advancements and took up domestic roles like tailoring or lodging.
By 1861, there were over 250,000 domestic servants in London, most of whom were women and recent migrants.

London faced a housing crisis as individual landowners built unsafe tenements for migrants.
Slums were overcrowded and unsanitary, posing threats like disease and fire.
Concerns for public health and the fear of rebellion after events like the Russian Revolution (1917) spurred efforts to improve housing.

Efforts to decongest London included rent control, greening spaces, and urban landscaping.
Ebenezer Howard's "Garden City" concept inspired housing designs with plants and trees, as seen in New Earswick by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker.
Post-WWI, the British state built a million single-family cottages for workers.

The world's first underground railway opened in London on January 10, 1863, carrying 10,000 passengers on its first day.
By 1880, 40 million passengers used the expanded railway annually, despite initial fears of poor ventilation and smoke.

The industrial city transformed family dynamics, weakening household ties among working-class families.
Middle- and upper-class women faced isolation, while working-class women gained some independence through wages.

Wealthy Britons enjoyed operas and theaters, while pubs served as hubs for the working class to socialize and organize political actions.
Notable riots included the 1886 winter riot for relief and the 1887 "Bloody Sunday," where police brutally suppressed protesters.

Baron Haussmann, under Louis Napoleon III, transformed Paris with wide boulevards, tree-lined sidewalks, and open spaces, serving as inspiration for urban planning in London and beyond.

Urbanization in India was slow, with only 11% of Indians living in cities by the early 20th century.
The three Presidency cities—Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras—served as administrative and commercial hubs, housing ports, warehouses, and educational institutions.

Initially a group of seven islands under Portuguese control, Bombay was ceded to Britain in 1661 as part of a royal marriage treaty.
The East India Company shifted its base from Surat to Bombay, making it a vital port for cotton and opium trade by the 19th century.
By 1941, Bombay's population had grown to nearly 1.5 million.

Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819 and attracted traders, artisans, and mill workers.
The first textile mill was established in 1854, and by 1921, there were 85 mills employing 146,000 workers.
Women comprised 23% of the mill workforce between 1919 and 1926, but their roles declined with technological advances.
Migrants, such as those from Ratnagiri, were significant contributors to Bombay’s labor force.

Housing in Bombay was severely overcrowded.
- Londoners in the 1840s had 155 square yards per person, while Bombay residents in the same period had only 9.5 square yards.
Most workers lived in chawls—multi-story tenements with single-room units and no private toilets.
Wealthier citizens like Parsis and upper-caste traders resided in spacious bungalows.
The Girangaon area, near textile mills, housed 90% of mill workers.

Bombay's seven islands were joined through reclamation projects, starting with the Hornby Vellard project in 1784.
The Bombay Port Trust undertook successful projects like the creation of Ballard Estate (1914-18).
Marine Drive, a landmark, was developed as part of these efforts.

Bombay became synonymous with the Indian film industry, starting with Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar’s wrestling film in 1896.
Dadasaheb Phalke’s Raja Harishchandra (1913) marked the industry's growth, with Bombay becoming India’s film capital by the 1920s.
Films like CID (1956) captured the city's duality: harsh living conditions and dreams of success.

Industrialization polluted Bombay’s air and water.
The Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission in Calcutta (1863) influenced similar smoke-control measures in Bombay.
The 1898 plague epidemic led to town planning and slum clearances by the Bombay Improvement Trust.

Despite overcrowding and environmental issues, cities like Bombay offered economic mobility and opportunities for migrants, contributing to their allure as centers of freedom and aspiration.