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DEL HI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Overview of Embedded Systems
PAGE 2: EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Course Overview
Subject Code: CEC-304
Contact Hours: L-3, T-0, P-2
Examination Duration: Theory: 3 Hrs, Practical: 0
Relative Weightage:
CWS: 15
PRS: 25
MTE: 20
ETE: 40
PRE: 0
Objective: Introduce fundamentals of 16 and 32 bit microcontrollers, assembly language programming, interfacing of different interrupt-driven peripherals, real-time operating systems, bus architecture, digital signal processors and systems on-chip.
Content Overview:
Characteristics of Embedded Systems
Comparison with General Purpose Processors
Microcontroller architecture (PIC and 8051)
PAGE 3: UNIT CONTENT
Unit II (12 hours)
ARM architecture, memory interfacing, interrupts, and assembly language programming.
Exception processing and pipeline architecture.
Unit III (4 hours)
Digital Signal Processors (DSP): architecture, applications, algorithms.
Unit IV (4 hours)
System on Chip (SoC): evolution, features, IP-based design, TI OMAP architecture.
Unit V (4 hours)
Memory types: SRAM, DRAM, interfacing.
Unit VI (10 hours)
RTOS: RT-Linux introduction, scheduling, bus structures (DMA, PCI, AMBA, I2C, SPI).
PAGE 4: REFERENCE BOOKS
"Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded Computing System Design", Wayne Wolf.
"ARM System Developer’s Guide", Andrew N. Sloss.
"Design with PIC Microcontrollers", John B. Peatman.
"The Design of Small-Scale Embedded Systems", Tim Wilmshurst.
"Embedded System Design", Peter Marwedel.
PAGE 5: OBJECTIVE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Characteristics, advantages/disadvantages, structure, and challenges in embedded system design.
Differentiate functional and non-functional requirements.
PAGE 6: EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEFINITION
Any device with a computer that is not general-purpose.
Functions with minimal human intervention, responds using sensors and actuators.
Examples: PDAs, printers, cell phones, automobiles, televisions.
PAGE 7: APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Examples: Microwave oven front panel, cameras, automotive systems.
Modern automobiles may contain over 100 microprocessors for various functions.
PAGE 8: CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Sophisticated functionality, real-time operation, low cost, restricted memory, low power.
Power consumption is critical for embedded devices.
PAGE 9: REAL-TIME OPERATION
Must complete operations by deadlines:
Hard Real-Time: strict deadline adherence.
Soft Real-Time: missed deadlines affect performance.
Systems often multi-rate.
PAGE 10: MORE FEATURES
Dedicated systems for predefined functions; limited programmability.
Application dependent requirements, like fault tolerance and safety.
PAGE 11: TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Functions-Based Classification
Similar to general computing: PDAs, ATMs.
Control Systems: Vehicle engine control.
Signal Processing: Radar, SONAR applications.
PAGE 12: ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Advantages: Customizable, low power, cost-effective, high performance.
Disadvantages: High development efforts and longer market time.
PAGE 13: STRUCTURE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Components:
Sensor: Converts physical quantities to electrical signals.
A-D Converter: Converts analog to digital data.
Processor & ASICs: Process data and output.
D-A Converter: Converts digital back to analog.
PAGE 14: EMBEDDED SYSTEM FUNCTION
Actuator compares expected output with actual output.
Importance of microprocessors and microcontrollers in design.
PAGE 15: PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Components of a Processor
Control Unit: Fetches instructions.
Execution Unit: Executes instructions, includes ALU for computations.
Execution Cycle: Fetch -> Execute -> Repeat.
PAGE 16: TYPES OF PROCESSORS
Categories: GPP, Embedded Processors, DSP, ASSP, ASIPs.
Hardware includes user interfaces, memory, etc.
PAGE 17: IMPLEMENTING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Hardware Elements: Processing elements, memory, I/O devices, interfacing devices.
Software: System software and application focused.
PAGE 18: HARDWARE EVOLUTION
SoCs, application-specific processors, multitasking, concurrency in embedded design.
PAGE 19: CHALLENGES IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
Challenges include hardware needs, deadlines, minimized power consumption, and overall design goals.
PAGE 20: FUNCTIONAL VS NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Functional: Outputs as input functions; Non-functional: time, size, power.
Design methodologies: top-down and bottom-up designs.
PAGE 21: CONCLUDING REMARK
Ubiquity of embedded computers; management of design process challenges.
PAGE 22: MICRO-CONTROLLERS ARCHITECTURE
Content: Overview of microcontroller functions, architectures (Von Neumann, Harvard), comparison of architectures.
PAGES 23-24: TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Classification: Stand-alone, real-time, networked, mobile embedded systems.
Notable characteristics: performance, complexity.
PAGE 25: REAL TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Strict deadline adherence in both hard and soft systems.
PAGE 26: STAND-ALONE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Operate independently without host systems.
PAGE 27: NETWORKED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Connected to networks for remote output and control.
PAGE 28: MOBILE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Small, portable, and resource-efficient.
PAGE 29: SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Small Scale: 8-bit or 16-bit microcontrollers; battery-powered.
Medium Scale: 16-bit or 32-bit; integration complexity.
PAGE 30: SOPHISTICATED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Employ multiple high-bit microcontrollers, designed for complex applications.
PAGE 31: COMPARISON WITH GENERAL-PURPOSE PROCESSORS
Differences in application, performance, operating systems, and power consumption.
PAGE 32: EMBEDDED SYSTEM HARDWARE
Hardware's tasks include input reception, processing, and output provision.
PAGE 33: MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS
Differences between microprocessors (GPP) and microcontrollers (integrated systems).
PAGE 34: COMPONENTS OF MICROCONTROLLER
Integration of multiple components onto a single chip including RAM and I/O ports.
PAGE 35: WHY MICROCONTROLLER?
Key attributes: low cost, low power, programmable, easy integration.
PAGE 36: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Von Neumann Architecture: Single bus system causing potential bottleneck.
PAGE 37: HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
Dual bus setup facilitating concurrent instruction processing.
PAGE 38: CISC VS RISC
Differences in complexity and instruction execution cycles.
PAGE 39-40: PIC MICROCONTROLLER STRUCTURE
Architecture overview, key functioning elements, and programming focuses.
PAGES 41-57: FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS AND INSTRUCTION SETS OF PIC
Detailed overview of functional blocks like ALU, registers, timers, instruction execution overview.
PAGE 58-70: INSTRUCTION PROGRAMMING IN PIC
Instruction set organization, programming examples, and types of addressing used in PIC architecture.
PAGES 71-75: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE AND APPLICATION
Assembly language programming, MPASM usage, and summarization of PIC capabilities.
Overview of Embedded Systems
Course Code: CEC-304
Contact Hours: L-3, T-0, P-2
Examination Duration: Theory: 3 Hrs, Practical: 0
Relative Weightage: CWS: 15, PRS: 25, MTE: 20, ETE: 40
Objective
To introduce fundamentals of 16/32-bit microcontrollers, assembly programming, peripheral interfacing, real-time operating systems, bus architectures, DSPs, and SoCs.
Content Overview
Characteristics and comparison with general-purpose processors
Microcontroller architecture (PIC, 8051)
ARM architecture, memory interfacing, and interrupts
DSP: architecture and applications
SoCs: evolution and IP-based design
Memory types: SRAM, DRAM
RTOS: scheduling and bus structures
Applications
Devices: PDAs, printers, cell phones, automobiles, and more
Example: Modern automobiles may have over 100 microprocessors.
Characteristics
Features: real-time operation, low cost, low power consumption, dedicated functionality.
Types of Embedded Systems
Classifications: stand-alone, real-time, networked, mobile embedded systems
Functional categories: control systems, signal processing
Design Challenges
Key challenges: hardware needs, deadlines, power consumption.
Processors
Types: GPP, DSP, Embedded Processors, etc.
Architecture: von Neumann vs. Harvard, CISC vs. RISC.
References
Books:
"Computers as Components", Wayne Wolf
"ARM System Developer's Guide", Andrew N. Sloss
"Design with PIC Microcontrollers", John B. Peatman
"Embedded System Design", Peter Marwedel.
NoteStudied by 32 peopleNoteStudied by 5 peopleNoteStudied by 101 peopleNoteStudied by 52 peopleNoteStudied by 20 peopleNoteStudied by 12 people
