Overview of Embedded Systems
Subject Code: CEC-304
Contact Hours: L-3, T-0, P-2
Examination Duration: Theory: 3 Hrs, Practical: 0
Relative Weightage:
CWS: 15
PRS: 25
MTE: 20
ETE: 40
PRE: 0
Objective: Introduce fundamentals of 16 and 32 bit microcontrollers, assembly language programming, interfacing of different interrupt-driven peripherals, real-time operating systems, bus architecture, digital signal processors and systems on-chip.
Content Overview:
Characteristics of Embedded Systems
Comparison with General Purpose Processors
Microcontroller architecture (PIC and 8051)
ARM architecture, memory interfacing, interrupts, and assembly language programming.
Exception processing and pipeline architecture.
Digital Signal Processors (DSP): architecture, applications, algorithms.
System on Chip (SoC): evolution, features, IP-based design, TI OMAP architecture.
Memory types: SRAM, DRAM, interfacing.
RTOS: RT-Linux introduction, scheduling, bus structures (DMA, PCI, AMBA, I2C, SPI).
"Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded Computing System Design", Wayne Wolf.
"ARM System Developer’s Guide", Andrew N. Sloss.
"Design with PIC Microcontrollers", John B. Peatman.
"The Design of Small-Scale Embedded Systems", Tim Wilmshurst.
"Embedded System Design", Peter Marwedel.
Characteristics, advantages/disadvantages, structure, and challenges in embedded system design.
Differentiate functional and non-functional requirements.
Any device with a computer that is not general-purpose.
Functions with minimal human intervention, responds using sensors and actuators.
Examples: PDAs, printers, cell phones, automobiles, televisions.
Examples: Microwave oven front panel, cameras, automotive systems.
Modern automobiles may contain over 100 microprocessors for various functions.
Sophisticated functionality, real-time operation, low cost, restricted memory, low power.
Power consumption is critical for embedded devices.
Must complete operations by deadlines:
Hard Real-Time: strict deadline adherence.
Soft Real-Time: missed deadlines affect performance.
Systems often multi-rate.
Dedicated systems for predefined functions; limited programmability.
Application dependent requirements, like fault tolerance and safety.
Similar to general computing: PDAs, ATMs.
Control Systems: Vehicle engine control.
Signal Processing: Radar, SONAR applications.
Advantages: Customizable, low power, cost-effective, high performance.
Disadvantages: High development efforts and longer market time.
Components:
Sensor: Converts physical quantities to electrical signals.
A-D Converter: Converts analog to digital data.
Processor & ASICs: Process data and output.
D-A Converter: Converts digital back to analog.
Actuator compares expected output with actual output.
Importance of microprocessors and microcontrollers in design.
Control Unit: Fetches instructions.
Execution Unit: Executes instructions, includes ALU for computations.
Execution Cycle: Fetch -> Execute -> Repeat.
Categories: GPP, Embedded Processors, DSP, ASSP, ASIPs.
Hardware includes user interfaces, memory, etc.
Hardware Elements: Processing elements, memory, I/O devices, interfacing devices.
Software: System software and application focused.
SoCs, application-specific processors, multitasking, concurrency in embedded design.
Challenges include hardware needs, deadlines, minimized power consumption, and overall design goals.
Functional: Outputs as input functions; Non-functional: time, size, power.
Design methodologies: top-down and bottom-up designs.
Ubiquity of embedded computers; management of design process challenges.
Content: Overview of microcontroller functions, architectures (Von Neumann, Harvard), comparison of architectures.
Classification: Stand-alone, real-time, networked, mobile embedded systems.
Notable characteristics: performance, complexity.
Strict deadline adherence in both hard and soft systems.
Operate independently without host systems.
Connected to networks for remote output and control.
Small, portable, and resource-efficient.
Small Scale: 8-bit or 16-bit microcontrollers; battery-powered.
Medium Scale: 16-bit or 32-bit; integration complexity.
Employ multiple high-bit microcontrollers, designed for complex applications.
Differences in application, performance, operating systems, and power consumption.
Hardware's tasks include input reception, processing, and output provision.
Differences between microprocessors (GPP) and microcontrollers (integrated systems).
Integration of multiple components onto a single chip including RAM and I/O ports.
Key attributes: low cost, low power, programmable, easy integration.
Von Neumann Architecture: Single bus system causing potential bottleneck.
Dual bus setup facilitating concurrent instruction processing.
Differences in complexity and instruction execution cycles.
Architecture overview, key functioning elements, and programming focuses.
Detailed overview of functional blocks like ALU, registers, timers, instruction execution overview.
Instruction set organization, programming examples, and types of addressing used in PIC architecture.
Assembly language programming, MPASM usage, and summarization of PIC capabilities.
Course Code: CEC-304
Contact Hours: L-3, T-0, P-2
Examination Duration: Theory: 3 Hrs, Practical: 0
Relative Weightage: CWS: 15, PRS: 25, MTE: 20, ETE: 40
To introduce fundamentals of 16/32-bit microcontrollers, assembly programming, peripheral interfacing, real-time operating systems, bus architectures, DSPs, and SoCs.
Characteristics and comparison with general-purpose processors
Microcontroller architecture (PIC, 8051)
ARM architecture, memory interfacing, and interrupts
DSP: architecture and applications
SoCs: evolution and IP-based design
Memory types: SRAM, DRAM
RTOS: scheduling and bus structures
Devices: PDAs, printers, cell phones, automobiles, and more
Example: Modern automobiles may have over 100 microprocessors.
Features: real-time operation, low cost, low power consumption, dedicated functionality.
Classifications: stand-alone, real-time, networked, mobile embedded systems
Functional categories: control systems, signal processing
Key challenges: hardware needs, deadlines, power consumption.
Types: GPP, DSP, Embedded Processors, etc.
Architecture: von Neumann vs. Harvard, CISC vs. RISC.
Books:
"Computers as Components", Wayne Wolf
"ARM System Developer's Guide", Andrew N. Sloss
"Design with PIC Microcontrollers", John B. Peatman
"Embedded System Design", Peter Marwedel.
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Overview of Embedded Systems
Subject Code: CEC-304
Contact Hours: L-3, T-0, P-2
Examination Duration: Theory: 3 Hrs, Practical: 0
Relative Weightage:
CWS: 15
PRS: 25
MTE: 20
ETE: 40
PRE: 0
Objective: Introduce fundamentals of 16 and 32 bit microcontrollers, assembly language programming, interfacing of different interrupt-driven peripherals, real-time operating systems, bus architecture, digital signal processors and systems on-chip.
Content Overview:
Characteristics of Embedded Systems
Comparison with General Purpose Processors
Microcontroller architecture (PIC and 8051)
ARM architecture, memory interfacing, interrupts, and assembly language programming.
Exception processing and pipeline architecture.
Digital Signal Processors (DSP): architecture, applications, algorithms.
System on Chip (SoC): evolution, features, IP-based design, TI OMAP architecture.
Memory types: SRAM, DRAM, interfacing.
RTOS: RT-Linux introduction, scheduling, bus structures (DMA, PCI, AMBA, I2C, SPI).
"Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded Computing System Design", Wayne Wolf.
"ARM System Developer’s Guide", Andrew N. Sloss.
"Design with PIC Microcontrollers", John B. Peatman.
"The Design of Small-Scale Embedded Systems", Tim Wilmshurst.
"Embedded System Design", Peter Marwedel.
Characteristics, advantages/disadvantages, structure, and challenges in embedded system design.
Differentiate functional and non-functional requirements.
Any device with a computer that is not general-purpose.
Functions with minimal human intervention, responds using sensors and actuators.
Examples: PDAs, printers, cell phones, automobiles, televisions.
Examples: Microwave oven front panel, cameras, automotive systems.
Modern automobiles may contain over 100 microprocessors for various functions.
Sophisticated functionality, real-time operation, low cost, restricted memory, low power.
Power consumption is critical for embedded devices.
Must complete operations by deadlines:
Hard Real-Time: strict deadline adherence.
Soft Real-Time: missed deadlines affect performance.
Systems often multi-rate.
Dedicated systems for predefined functions; limited programmability.
Application dependent requirements, like fault tolerance and safety.
Similar to general computing: PDAs, ATMs.
Control Systems: Vehicle engine control.
Signal Processing: Radar, SONAR applications.
Advantages: Customizable, low power, cost-effective, high performance.
Disadvantages: High development efforts and longer market time.
Components:
Sensor: Converts physical quantities to electrical signals.
A-D Converter: Converts analog to digital data.
Processor & ASICs: Process data and output.
D-A Converter: Converts digital back to analog.
Actuator compares expected output with actual output.
Importance of microprocessors and microcontrollers in design.
Control Unit: Fetches instructions.
Execution Unit: Executes instructions, includes ALU for computations.
Execution Cycle: Fetch -> Execute -> Repeat.
Categories: GPP, Embedded Processors, DSP, ASSP, ASIPs.
Hardware includes user interfaces, memory, etc.
Hardware Elements: Processing elements, memory, I/O devices, interfacing devices.
Software: System software and application focused.
SoCs, application-specific processors, multitasking, concurrency in embedded design.
Challenges include hardware needs, deadlines, minimized power consumption, and overall design goals.
Functional: Outputs as input functions; Non-functional: time, size, power.
Design methodologies: top-down and bottom-up designs.
Ubiquity of embedded computers; management of design process challenges.
Content: Overview of microcontroller functions, architectures (Von Neumann, Harvard), comparison of architectures.
Classification: Stand-alone, real-time, networked, mobile embedded systems.
Notable characteristics: performance, complexity.
Strict deadline adherence in both hard and soft systems.
Operate independently without host systems.
Connected to networks for remote output and control.
Small, portable, and resource-efficient.
Small Scale: 8-bit or 16-bit microcontrollers; battery-powered.
Medium Scale: 16-bit or 32-bit; integration complexity.
Employ multiple high-bit microcontrollers, designed for complex applications.
Differences in application, performance, operating systems, and power consumption.
Hardware's tasks include input reception, processing, and output provision.
Differences between microprocessors (GPP) and microcontrollers (integrated systems).
Integration of multiple components onto a single chip including RAM and I/O ports.
Key attributes: low cost, low power, programmable, easy integration.
Von Neumann Architecture: Single bus system causing potential bottleneck.
Dual bus setup facilitating concurrent instruction processing.
Differences in complexity and instruction execution cycles.
Architecture overview, key functioning elements, and programming focuses.
Detailed overview of functional blocks like ALU, registers, timers, instruction execution overview.
Instruction set organization, programming examples, and types of addressing used in PIC architecture.
Assembly language programming, MPASM usage, and summarization of PIC capabilities.
Course Code: CEC-304
Contact Hours: L-3, T-0, P-2
Examination Duration: Theory: 3 Hrs, Practical: 0
Relative Weightage: CWS: 15, PRS: 25, MTE: 20, ETE: 40
To introduce fundamentals of 16/32-bit microcontrollers, assembly programming, peripheral interfacing, real-time operating systems, bus architectures, DSPs, and SoCs.
Characteristics and comparison with general-purpose processors
Microcontroller architecture (PIC, 8051)
ARM architecture, memory interfacing, and interrupts
DSP: architecture and applications
SoCs: evolution and IP-based design
Memory types: SRAM, DRAM
RTOS: scheduling and bus structures
Devices: PDAs, printers, cell phones, automobiles, and more
Example: Modern automobiles may have over 100 microprocessors.
Features: real-time operation, low cost, low power consumption, dedicated functionality.
Classifications: stand-alone, real-time, networked, mobile embedded systems
Functional categories: control systems, signal processing
Key challenges: hardware needs, deadlines, power consumption.
Types: GPP, DSP, Embedded Processors, etc.
Architecture: von Neumann vs. Harvard, CISC vs. RISC.
Books:
"Computers as Components", Wayne Wolf
"ARM System Developer's Guide", Andrew N. Sloss
"Design with PIC Microcontrollers", John B. Peatman
"Embedded System Design", Peter Marwedel.