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DEL HI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

• Overview of Embedded Systems

PAGE 2: EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Course Overview

• Subject Code: CEC-304

• Contact Hours: L-3, T-0, P-2

• Examination Duration: Theory: 3 Hrs, Practical: 0

• Relative Weightage:

  • CWS: 15

  • PRS: 25

  • MTE: 20

  • ETE: 40

  • PRE: 0

• Objective: Introduce fundamentals of 16 and 32 bit microcontrollers, assembly language programming, interfacing of different interrupt-driven peripherals, real-time operating systems, bus architecture, digital signal processors and systems on-chip.

• Content Overview:

  • Characteristics of Embedded Systems

  • Comparison with General Purpose Processors

  • Microcontroller architecture (PIC and 8051)

PAGE 3: UNIT CONTENT

Unit II (12 hours)

• ARM architecture, memory interfacing, interrupts, and assembly language programming.

• Exception processing and pipeline architecture.

Unit III (4 hours)

• Digital Signal Processors (DSP): architecture, applications, algorithms.

Unit IV (4 hours)

• System on Chip (SoC): evolution, features, IP-based design, TI OMAP architecture.

Unit V (4 hours)

• Memory types: SRAM, DRAM, interfacing.

Unit VI (10 hours)

• RTOS: RT-Linux introduction, scheduling, bus structures (DMA, PCI, AMBA, I2C, SPI).

PAGE 4: REFERENCE BOOKS

• "Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded Computing System Design", Wayne Wolf.

• "ARM System Developer’s Guide", Andrew N. Sloss.

• "Design with PIC Microcontrollers", John B. Peatman.

• "The Design of Small-Scale Embedded Systems", Tim Wilmshurst.

• "Embedded System Design", Peter Marwedel.

PAGE 5: OBJECTIVE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Characteristics, advantages/disadvantages, structure, and challenges in embedded system design.

• Differentiate functional and non-functional requirements.

PAGE 6: EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEFINITION

• Any device with a computer that is not general-purpose.

• Functions with minimal human intervention, responds using sensors and actuators.

• Examples: PDAs, printers, cell phones, automobiles, televisions.

PAGE 7: APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Examples: Microwave oven front panel, cameras, automotive systems.

• Modern automobiles may contain over 100 microprocessors for various functions.

PAGE 8: CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Sophisticated functionality, real-time operation, low cost, restricted memory, low power.

• Power consumption is critical for embedded devices.

PAGE 9: REAL-TIME OPERATION

• Must complete operations by deadlines:

  • Hard Real-Time: strict deadline adherence.

  • Soft Real-Time: missed deadlines affect performance.

• Systems often multi-rate.

PAGE 10: MORE FEATURES

• Dedicated systems for predefined functions; limited programmability.

• Application dependent requirements, like fault tolerance and safety.

PAGE 11: TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Functions-Based Classification

• Similar to general computing: PDAs, ATMs.

• Control Systems: Vehicle engine control.

• Signal Processing: Radar, SONAR applications.

PAGE 12: ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Advantages: Customizable, low power, cost-effective, high performance.

• Disadvantages: High development efforts and longer market time.

PAGE 13: STRUCTURE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Components:

  • Sensor: Converts physical quantities to electrical signals.

  • A-D Converter: Converts analog to digital data.

  • Processor & ASICs: Process data and output.

  • D-A Converter: Converts digital back to analog.

PAGE 14: EMBEDDED SYSTEM FUNCTION

• Actuator compares expected output with actual output.

• Importance of microprocessors and microcontrollers in design.

PAGE 15: PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE

Components of a Processor

1. Control Unit: Fetches instructions.

2. Execution Unit: Executes instructions, includes ALU for computations.

   • Execution Cycle: Fetch -> Execute -> Repeat.

PAGE 16: TYPES OF PROCESSORS

• Categories: GPP, Embedded Processors, DSP, ASSP, ASIPs.

• Hardware includes user interfaces, memory, etc.

PAGE 17: IMPLEMENTING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Hardware Elements: Processing elements, memory, I/O devices, interfacing devices.

• Software: System software and application focused.

PAGE 18: HARDWARE EVOLUTION

• SoCs, application-specific processors, multitasking, concurrency in embedded design.

PAGE 19: CHALLENGES IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

• Challenges include hardware needs, deadlines, minimized power consumption, and overall design goals.

PAGE 20: FUNCTIONAL VS NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

• Functional: Outputs as input functions; Non-functional: time, size, power.

• Design methodologies: top-down and bottom-up designs.

PAGE 21: CONCLUDING REMARK

• Ubiquity of embedded computers; management of design process challenges.

PAGE 22: MICRO-CONTROLLERS ARCHITECTURE

• Content: Overview of microcontroller functions, architectures (Von Neumann, Harvard), comparison of architectures.

PAGES 23-24: TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Classification: Stand-alone, real-time, networked, mobile embedded systems.

• Notable characteristics: performance, complexity.

PAGE 25: REAL TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Strict deadline adherence in both hard and soft systems.

PAGE 26: STAND-ALONE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Operate independently without host systems.

PAGE 27: NETWORKED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Connected to networks for remote output and control.

PAGE 28: MOBILE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Small, portable, and resource-efficient.

PAGE 29: SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Small Scale: 8-bit or 16-bit microcontrollers; battery-powered.

• Medium Scale: 16-bit or 32-bit; integration complexity.

PAGE 30: SOPHISTICATED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Employ multiple high-bit microcontrollers, designed for complex applications.

PAGE 31: COMPARISON WITH GENERAL-PURPOSE PROCESSORS

• Differences in application, performance, operating systems, and power consumption.

PAGE 32: EMBEDDED SYSTEM HARDWARE

• Hardware's tasks include input reception, processing, and output provision.

PAGE 33: MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS

• Differences between microprocessors (GPP) and microcontrollers (integrated systems).

PAGE 34: COMPONENTS OF MICROCONTROLLER

• Integration of multiple components onto a single chip including RAM and I/O ports.

PAGE 35: WHY MICROCONTROLLER?

• Key attributes: low cost, low power, programmable, easy integration.

PAGE 36: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

• Von Neumann Architecture: Single bus system causing potential bottleneck.

PAGE 37: HARVARD ARCHITECTURE

• Dual bus setup facilitating concurrent instruction processing.

PAGE 38: CISC VS RISC

• Differences in complexity and instruction execution cycles.

PAGE 39-40: PIC MICROCONTROLLER STRUCTURE

• Architecture overview, key functioning elements, and programming focuses.

PAGES 41-57: FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS AND INSTRUCTION SETS OF PIC

• Detailed overview of functional blocks like ALU, registers, timers, instruction execution overview.

PAGE 58-70: INSTRUCTION PROGRAMMING IN PIC

• Instruction set organization, programming examples, and types of addressing used in PIC architecture.

PAGES 71-75: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE AND APPLICATION

• Assembly language programming, MPASM usage, and summarization of PIC capabilities.

Overview of Embedded Systems

• Course Code: CEC-304

• Contact Hours: L-3, T-0, P-2

• Examination Duration: Theory: 3 Hrs, Practical: 0

• Relative Weightage: CWS: 15, PRS: 25, MTE: 20, ETE: 40

Objective

To introduce fundamentals of 16/32-bit microcontrollers, assembly programming, peripheral interfacing, real-time operating systems, bus architectures, DSPs, and SoCs.

Content Overview

1. Characteristics and comparison with general-purpose processors

2. Microcontroller architecture (PIC, 8051)

3. ARM architecture, memory interfacing, and interrupts

4. DSP: architecture and applications

5. SoCs: evolution and IP-based design

6. Memory types: SRAM, DRAM

7. RTOS: scheduling and bus structures

Applications

• Devices: PDAs, printers, cell phones, automobiles, and more

• Example: Modern automobiles may have over 100 microprocessors.

Characteristics

• Features: real-time operation, low cost, low power consumption, dedicated functionality.

Types of Embedded Systems

• Classifications: stand-alone, real-time, networked, mobile embedded systems

• Functional categories: control systems, signal processing

Design Challenges

• Key challenges: hardware needs, deadlines, power consumption.

Processors

• Types: GPP, DSP, Embedded Processors, etc.

• Architecture: von Neumann vs. Harvard, CISC vs. RISC.

References

• Books:

1. "Computers as Components", Wayne Wolf

2. "ARM System Developer's Guide", Andrew N. Sloss

3. "Design with PIC Microcontrollers", John B. Peatman

4. "Embedded System Design", Peter Marwedel.