AP WH - ALL vocab list

Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (c. 1200–1450)

Aztecs (Mexica)

Def: established an empire from Tenochtitlan (modern day Mexico City) based on military conquest and the kidnapping of women and seizure land from neighborsSig: tempted by its opulence and revolted by its human sacrifice rituals, Spaniard conquistador Hernan Cortes defeated the empire with aid from Aztec enemies

Dar-al-Islam

Def: Arabic term referring to the "House of Islam"; refers to the lands under Islamic ruleSig: influenced by Persian administrative techniques and ideas of kingship, language, and literature; Indian mathematics; Greek philosophy and medicine; and Chinese technologies (gunpowder and paper)

Inca Empire

Def: established in modern day Peru through military conquest; spanned 2500 miles north and south along the entire length of the west coast of South America; government consisted of military elites but armies consisted of conquered peoplesSig: had an advanced system of roads to facilitate communication, comparable to the Roman Empire; use of mit'a (compulsory labor service to the state in lieu of tribute) made the empire oppressive; fell to Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro

Jihad

Def: sometimes called the "sixth pillar of Islam," the primary meaning is to struggle against greed and selfishness towards a God-conscious lifeSig: also means armed struggle against forces of unbelief and evil to establish Muslim rule and defend followers of Islam (the umma) from infidel (non-Muslim) aggression; controversial belief that has been linked to 20th century armed struggles between some Muslims and non-Muslims

Jizya

Def: tax paid by non-Muslims in conquered territories to maintain their own religious practicesSig: encouraged many conversions to Islam to avoid paying; source of contention between Muslims and their non-Muslim subjects

Sharia

Def: Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet Mohammed; prescribes both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking.Sig: along with the Quran, this emphasized patriarchy, patrilineage, male inheritance, and control of women by male guardians

Sufism

Def: Islamic sect whose members who saw the worldly success of Islam as a distraction and deviation from the pure spirituality of Mohammed's time; focused on a mystical and spiritual union with Allah rather than a strict interpretation of IslamSig: succeeded in converting people in India, sub-Saharan Africa, and southeastern Asia between 1000 to 1500 by incorporating local traditions into Islam; considered by the ulama to be almost heretical because of their disregard for orthodoxy in favor of spirituality

Turkic Peoples

Def: various clans and tribes of nomads of common origin who fanned west and south from their central Eurasian steppe homeland of Mongolia and southern Siberia; facilitated the spread of Islam in northern Eurasia after they converted between the 10th and 14th centuriesSig: became the third largest disseminator of Islam after Arabs and Persians, especially to Anatolia and Northern India; their language, culture, and religion spread widely over much of Inner Asia, becoming integrated in various agrarian civilizations and leading to innovation and diversity

Champa Rice

Def: fast growing, drought-resistant rice imported into China from VietnamSig: considered an innovation in agriculture that resulted in increased productive capacity - could be harvested 2x a year, leading to an unprecedented population boom

Feudalism

Def: a system in which land, a traditional source of power and legitimacy, was given in exchange for protection; lords lived off the surplus crops of their vassalsSig: this was the basis for the political and social order of medieval Europe where the local political and military authorities were powerful while a king, if any, had limited authority and power

Footbinding

Def: starting in Song Dynasty China, the practice of binding women's feet to create 3" feet was associated with new ideals of female beauty and eroticism Sig: became a deep-rooted part of Chinese culture and elite society well into the 20th century and more importantly, it restricted women's movements to the "inner quarters" of the house to satisfy Confucian notions of patriarchy

Grand Canal

Def: connecting Hangzhou in southern China to Chang'an in northern China, this stretched 1,200 miles and was considered an engineering feat without comparison at that time Sig: made China the most commercialized economy in the world by creating a national economy based on trade

Great Zimbabwe

Def: a powerful state that emerged in Southern Africa due to its wealth in gold and large cattle herdsSig: despite its interior location and distance from the Swahili states, it's participation in the Indian Ocean Trade through them led to its increasing prominence

Heian Period (794-1185 CE) Japan

Def: Golden Age of Japan, when the Japanese voluntarily adopted the Chinese pattern of centralized government from the Tang Dynasty and oversaw the publishing of one of the greatest works of literature, The Tale of GenjiSig: in the earlier part of this timeframe, Buddhism also diffused into the country from China when the Japanese were dealing with social upheaval and infighting amongst is many warlords

Manorialism

Def: self-sufficient large estate consisting of fields, meadows, forests, domestic animals, lakes, rivers and serfs bound to the land who did all the agricultural laborSig: in the absence of centralized political entities, these served as the residence of the nobles, who were political/military leaders, and the basic system of economy prevalent in Europe during the Middle Ages

Neo-Confucianism

Def: Emerged In the late Tang and Song dynasties as Chinese scholars combined Confucian beliefs with Buddhist writings and Taoist principles and reinvigorated the traditional civil service exam process to staff the government bureaucracySig: shows Buddhism's lasting influence on the Chinese sociopolitical structure and throughout East Asia, including its transference to Korea and Japan; this philosophy remained important in China until early 20th century

Song Dynasty (China)

Def: the most significant state to emerge after the fall of the Han, it saw the unprecedented growth and diffusion of technology and another Golden Age of arts and literatureSig: oversaw the establishment of the best ordered and most commercialized state in the world at that time

Filial Piety

Def: In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.Sig: A continuity in Chinese culture, it also influenced the traditions of neighboring regions

Buddhism

Def: religion originated in India in the classical but spread to East Asia and Southeast AsiaSig: as it spread, its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and resulted in multiple branches, such as Theravada in SE Asia and Mahayana in China

Seljuk Empire

Def: An empire formed by Turkish and Persian Sunni Muslims, lasting from 1037 to 1194 A.D.Sig: the fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate allowed for the Seljuk and other Turkish peoples to emerge and create powerful new political entities

Mamluk Sultanate

Def: Central Asian nomads (of Turkic lineage) who came as slaves to Egypt but eventually overthrew their masters and built their own Islamic dynasty lasting 300 yearsSig: their military techniques and innovation allowed them to defeat both the Mongols from Asia and the Crusaders from Europe, preventing both groups from conquering Egypt

Delhi Sultanate

Def: descended from Central Asian nomads, this Islamic empire based in Delhi stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206-1526)Sig: the earliest forms of Indo-Islamic architecture emerged as did the greater use of mechanical technology, increased growth rates in India's population and economy, and the emergence of the Hindi-Urdu language, thus demonstrating continuous innovation and diversity

House of Wisdom

Def: An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by an Abbasid ruler.Sig: home of ancient and modern learning during the Islamic Golden Age, preserving important works of European and Middle Eastern scholarship during the Dark Ages, which were later transferred back to Europe to kick off the Renaissance era there

Muslim Iberia/Al-Andalus

DEF: a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and PortugalSIG: served as a conduit for innovation and scholarship into Europe, formation of a syncretic culture blending Arabic, Christian and Jewish influences which influenced Spain even after Christians regained control

Bhakti Movement

DEF: An immensely popular development in Hinduism in South India and spreading northward, it advocated intense devotion toward a particular deitySIG: a reforming movement within Hinduism which advocated personal devotion to a deity as the means to achieve moksha, it may have developed as a response to Sufi Islam which also advocated a personal relationship to God to achieve salvation

Srivijaya Empire

DEF: Hindu/Buddhist state that controlled modern-day Indonesia and much of the Malay Archipelago from the 7th to 12th centuries, heavily trading with India and China while incorporating Buddhist and Chinese political practices into their traditions.SIG: demonstrated continuity, innovation and diversity with the states from which it gained its major influences, leading to the emergence of a syncretistic new Southeast Asian culture; even after their demise the trade routes they established continued to be used even into the modern era

Serfdom

Def: Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estateSig: given that Europe was largely an agricultural society, and with no unifying political power, manor lords were dependent on the production of food by peasants and coerced labor, which were serfs

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange (c. 1200–1450)

• Bubonic Plague

  Def: plague that killed a 1/3 - 1/2 of the population of Europe in the middle ages but also significantly affected Afro-Eurasia with mass deaths at various times over two thousand yearsSig: most significant disease to spread through trade routes until the 20th century; known as the Black Death in Europe after it weakened Europe socially and economically and spelled the end of serfdom in Western Europe

  The Crusades (1095-1291)

  Def: a series of 5 holy wars declared by the Catholic Pope in which Crusaders (warriors wearing crosses) fought to take back the Holy Land (Palestine and Jerusalem) from the MuslimsSig: along with transfer of Greco-Islamic medical knowledge, luxurious eastern goods and technology diffused to Europe, generating a pressing need for Europeans to find a way to trade directly with the East instead of going through Muslim intermediaries

  Gunpowder

  Def: Chinese invention of explosive powder that was in use during the Tang dynasty but utilized as a weapon by the SongSig: reached Europe by 1258 in large part due to the Mongols; ultimately played a key role in European conquest of the Americas

  Indian Ocean Trade Network

  Def: with the benefit of the monsoon winds, this boasted the largest volume of goods traded (esp. bulk items) amongst the largest number of people, with the interaction of the most diverse selection of culturesSig: this trade route was not controlled by any particular state or empire and open to all for participation until the Europeans arrived

  The Silk Roads

  Def: the world's most extensive network of land exchange until the 15-16th century, which brought great wealth and power to those who controlled itSig: facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas and disease across long distances and it promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.

  Trans-Saharan Trade Networks

  Def: rose in prominence when the camel was introduced from Arabia, on which salt, gold, slaves and ivory from the south were exchanged for cloth, horses, olives and manufactured goods from the northSig: connected the wealth of sub-Saharan Africa with Eurasia and facilitated the spread of Islam into Africa

  Chinggis Khan

  Def: founder of the Mongol empire and quintessential nomadic steppe warrior/military genius; name means "universal ruler"Sig: united thousands of fractious tribes and clans across Eurasia to create a single confederation in 1206 that overran China, Persia, Abbasid Caliphate, Russia and parts of Eastern Europe over the next few decades

  Ibn Battuta

  Def: 14th century Muslim scholar and traveler from Morocco (North Africa) who traversed all of the Dar al Islam (from West Africa to India) on the trade routes; most celebrated Muslim traveler of the postclassical worldSig: he promoted the proper observance of Islam wherever he went, such as modesty of dress in West Africa and the islands of SE Asia; was highly critical of the syncretic nature of Islam in places like India and West Africa

  Junks

  Def: oceangoing ships built in China during the Song Dynasty (capacity: 2700+ people) that utilized a magnetic compass, stern-mounted rudder, and gunpowder-propelled rocketsSig: helped to intensify and advance Chinese trade and tributary relationships further afield

  Kublai Khan

  Def: grandson of (and greatest successor to) Chinggis Khan and overlord of all the Khannates across Eurasia; Yuan emperor in China who improved infrastructure, lowered taxes, promoted culture (including Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism), and supported peasant agricultureSig: completed the conquest of all of China, thus reuniting it for the first time since the Tang Dynasty; established what has become the modern capital of Beijing

  Marco Polo

  Def: Italian merchant who traveled from Italy to China during Mongol rule and stayed at the court of Yuan emperor Kublai Khan for years; stories of his travels on the Silk Roads and the Indian Ocean Trade Network were accumulated in a book and rapidly circulated throughout EuropeSig: introduced readers to the rich world of the Chinese and their customs, advanced technologies and luxury products; inspired Columbus and others to find a passage to the East

  Sacking of Baghdad (1258)

  Def: destroyed by the Mongols with the massacre of more than 200,000 peopleSig: marked the final end of the crumbling Islamic Abbasid caliphate

  Timbuktu

  Def: located near the Niger River and one of the wealthiest cities in West Africa due to its location in the Trans-Saharan trade routesSig: with the conversion of the Mali emperor to Islam in the mid-1330s, it became a leading cultural, intellectual, and religious center in Africa; declined with the increase in European trading posts along the coast of West Africa

  Caravanserai

  Def: inn or rest station for merchants traveling alone or caravansSig: allowed merchants of luxury goods to travel for trade more extensively, because of the added security of a place to rest, which allowed for the growth of inter-regional trade

  Bills of Exchange

  Def: a written order to a person requiring the person to make a specified payment to the signatory or to a named payee; a promissory noteSig: allowed for the growth of interregional trade by providing buyers and sellers over long distances with assurance that they would be paid for their investments

  Banking Houses

  Def: before this time period, there weren't many places to store money or exchange foreign currencies until the emergence of this commercial technology that allowed the lending of money, use of checks, and also let people store their money for safetySig: played a big role in increasing Islamic and European trade, including luxury goods

  Samarkand

  Def: one of the most influential cities and trading centers on the Silk Roads and a cultural center for Islam in central AsiaSig: its growth was an effect of increased volume of trade, wealth and security on the Silk Roads

  Mongol Khanates

  Def: New imperial states that arose after Genghis Khan and his descendants brought about the demise of existing post-classical empires; these became the Khanates of Chagatai, Golden Horde, the Great Khan and Il-khanate of Persia.Sig: They drew in new peoples into their economies and trade networks and guaranteed a time of peace and security, allowing Silk Roads trading to reach its peak

  Compass and Astrolabe

  DEF: instruments that allowed travelers to determine direction and latitude, respectively Sig: innovations that significantly increased trade of both luxury and mass market products on the Indian Ocean

  Zheng He

  Def: Muslim eunuch and Chinese admiral who commanded an extensive naval fleet of junks on seven exploratory voyages as far as Eastern Africa to establish tributary relationships between 1405 and 1433 (during the Ming dynasty)Sig: demonstrated China's ability to be a military, political, and economic power in the Indian Ocean

  Diasporic Communities

  DEF: merchant communities on the Indian Ocean that introduced their own cultures into local cultures and were themselves influenced by local culturesSIG: a significant effect of the growth of the Indian Ocean Trade Network, that saw the spread of Islam to east Africa and Southeast Asia, and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia, as well as Chinese merchants to Southeast Asia, leading to the emergence of syncretic cultures in these places

  Monsoon Winds

  Def: The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter (aka rainy season).Sig: advanced environmental knowledge of phenomenons such as these allowed for expanded trade on the Indian Ocean

  Camel Saddle

  Def: An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade RouteSIG: allowed for trade to extend into Africa from Asia by making it possible for traders to comfortably travel over the dry Sahara desert for long periods of time

  Mali Empire

  DEF: The kingdom in West Africa that followed the Kingdom of GhanaSIG: its wealth was also based on trans-Saharan trade; it also encouraged the spread of Islam brought into Africa by merchants and adopted by the elite and upper class people

  Bananas in Africa

  DEF: brought into Madagascar (and from there the rest of Africa) by the Malays of southeast AsiaSig: this helped increase the population of Africa to 17 million due to its nutritional value; this diffusion was a result of the Malays traveling on the Indian Ocean Trade routes

  Sultanate of Malacca

  DEF: a small fishing village that eventually became a kingdom after the arrival of a Hindu prince from nearby SrivijayaSig: it controlled the Malaccan straits and in essence the sea trade route between India and China, which allowed it to become very rich and experience a Golden Age

  Swahili City-States of East Africa

  DEF: with the arrival of Arab merchants, the Africans in this area began to trade on the Indian Ocean trade networkSig: Indian Ocean trade allowed for the flourishing of these states while also helping to create a syncretic culture combining Arabic and Bantu

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires & Unit 4: Maritime Empire (c. 1450–1750)

• Absolutism

  Def: the political theory that monarchs have complete control over their subjects by divine rightSig: this theory allowed many monarchs across Europe and Asia to consolidate their power at a time of remarkable change to their societies and to handle the religious diversity of their many subjects

  Ana Nzinga

  Def: 17th century Angolan queen who fought internal and neighboring enemies by partnering with the Portuguese and then partnering with the Dutch to unsuccessfully stop the Portuguese from taking over her countrySig: resistance to European expansion by a powerful female African monarch who took over a neighboring country (Matamba) and established it as a trading power and the gateway to the Central African interior while stirring rebellions against the Portuguese who had taken over her native Ndongo homeland

  Asante Kingdom

  Def: kingdom that emerged in the 1700s in present-day GhanaSig: it's activity in the Atlantic slave trade led to its growth and influence

  Atlantic Trading System

  Def: A triangle trading system on which Africa depended on goods, the Americas depended on slaves, and Europe depended on cash cropsSig: brought about the dominance of Northern European countries in global trade and as the masters of the American colonies

  Boyars

  Def: traditional Russian landholding aristocratsSig: their power would increasingly decrease as the Russian tsars adopted European traditions and increased their own autocratic powers

  Caravel

  Def: small oceangoing ships invented by the Portuguese in the 15th century which allowed them access to coastal waters and to explore upriverSig: Allowed for the discovery and swift colonization of the Americas and elsewhere by Western European nations

  Carrack

  Def: an innovative large merchant ship of a kind operating in European waters in the 14th to the 17th centurySig: was the model for the galleons used by the Spanish to haul new world wealth to Europe while defending themselves with cannons

  Cartography

  Def: the art and science of map-making and superimposing political, cultural, or other non-geographical divisions such as national borders on mapsSig: new techniques such as the Mercator projection allowed for a better understanding of land layout and led to increasing global exploration in the 16th-18th centuries

  Casta System

  Def: a hierarchical system of race classification created by Spanish elites in Hispanic America and the Philippines during the 17-18th centuries Sig: Was used for social control and determined a person's importance in society, thereby impacting every aspect of life, including economic status and taxation

  Catholic (Counter) Reformation

  Def: a direct response by the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation by attempting to reform the church to stop spread of Protestant ideas and win back convertsSig: new religious orders to gain conversions were founded, who were dedicated to the reaffirmed doctrines of the Catholic Church, which saw only minor reforms

  Chattel Slavery

  Def: the owning of human beings as property to be bought, sold, given, and inherited which came to rise as part of the Triangular TradeSig: Enabled the increase of the plantation system and racial tensions

  Columbian Exchange

  Def: global exchange between the New and Old Worlds of plants, food, animals, people and diseasesSig: killed off the majority of the native populations in the Americas through disease and the food products exchanged increased global population while some of them led to the forced migration of many people, especially from Africa

  Creoles

  Def: any white person of European descent (usually Spanish or French) born in the West Indies or certain parts of the AmericasSig: considered socially inferior to European-born residents of the colonies, peninsulares, as they received more land and power in the colonies

  Encomienda System

  Def: a labor system that forced Native Americans to labor on land, typically originally given to conquistadors, as a cheap labor sourceSig: harsh treatment led to Native Americans dying, leading to the increased importation of slaves from Africa

  Devshirme

  Def: a system developed by the Ottoman Empire which took non-Muslim children as an alternative tax to have them trained as Janissaries (soldiers trained to protect and serve the sultan) or to serve in the governmentSig: system was utilized by Ottoman emperors to maintain centralized control over their culturally diverse populations

  Hacienda System

  Def: large mostly self-sufficient profit-making estates (primarily agricultural plantations) Sig: tying the Native Americans into a peonage system of service (even as they called them 'free wage earners') led to many revolts even as the system endured into the late 20th century

  Indentured Servitude

  Def: a system of coerced labor in which people from Europe promised to work for a certain amount of time in the New World in exchange for their paid passage thereSig: developed due to a demand for cheap labor in North America but lasted for a short period of time, especially in the south, as plantation owners began looking for a cheaper supply of labor by the early 17th century- African slaves

  Joint-Stock Companies

  Def: a profitable commercial venture that enabled exploration by bringing together many investors and merchants in order to minimize the risks and costs of the investment (i.e. the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company)Sig: a significant element of mercantilism and operated with their own military - brought raw materials, resources, and wealth back to the mother country, dramatically increasing European power around the world

  Kingdom of Kongo

  Def: Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth centurySig: grew as a result of its participation in the Atlantic slave trade but also challenged the Portuguese by pushing for the slave trade to be subjected to/limited by Kongolese laws

  Lateen Sail

  Def: Triangular sail that was developed in Indian Ocean trade that allowed a ship to sail against the windSig: a European technological development that was influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Islamic and Asian world

  Manchus/Qing Dynasty (1636-1912)

  Def: Nomadic people from north of the Great Wall who invaded China and established a dynasty, claiming the "Mandate of Heaven" and adopting the Confucian belief and political administration systemSig: opened up trade with Europeans and the limitations on the power and freedoms of the ethnic Chinese Han people, as well as intermarriage with them, dramatically increased the power of the dynasty during this time

  Maroon societies

  Def: from SE USA to Brazil, groups of runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities, raided plantations for supplies, and used guerrilla warfare to defend themselves from slave owners and bounty huntersSig: the existence of these continuities remained a continuous example of successful slave resistance to chattel slavery in the Americas

  Mercantilism

  Def: a new economic theory adopted by many Western European nations with the goal of maintaining a favorable trade balance- whereby a country exports more than it imports - in an effort to accumulate the most bullion (precious metals such as gold and silver)Sig: Through this process, European rulers expanded and controlled their economies and claimed overseas territories that were required to trade exclusively with their own mother country, thus encouraging competition and a race for conquest among the Western European nations

  Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

  Def: saw the restoration of Confucian traditions after Mongol rule, as well as increased economic exchange outside of China and extensive overseas trade through the journeys of Zheng HeSig: after the date of Emperor Yongle, the dynasty abandoned international exchange and focused solely on internal affairs, allowing the Europeans to explore and dominate the Indian Ocean trade

  Mita System

  Def: economic system in Incan society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced; primarily used in the silver mines in South AmericaSig: adopted by the Spanish to use indigenous labor in encomienda - was in evidence in the mining for silver in Potosi

  Mughal-Maratha Wars (1680-1707)

  Def: aka Maratha War of Independence fought in response to Mughal expansionism over the Indian sub-continentSig: the first significant resistance to Mughal rule by a Hindu kingdom, which then encroached on additional Mughal territory while other minor kingdoms elsewhere also began to assert their independence against the Mughals - beginning of the end of Mughal dominance over India and the beginning of British incursion into India

  Ottoman-Safavid Conflict

  Def: A century-long conflict from 1534-1639 in which the Sunni Ottomans fought the Shiite Safavids over control of MesopotamiaSig: it was a political and religious dispute between two groups descended from Central Asian Turks, it led to emerging Iranian nationalism as a Shi'ite Islamic state struggling against its Sunni neighbors

  Ottoman Tax Farming

  Def: the Ottoman government assigned land to holders who paid fixed annual sums to the empire's central treasury in exchange for use of the property and the right to collect taxes for the empire - they were able to keep a portion of their collections as profitSig: The assignment of tax farmers to the land of existing nobles (timars) led to the decline in the power of the timars to influence the Sultan

  Plantation Economy

  Def: economic system stretching between the Chesapeake Bay and Brazil that produced crops, especially sugar, cotton, and tobacco, using slave labor on large estatesSig: a significant factor driving the Columbian Exchange and the need for coerced slave labor

  Protestant Reformation

  Def: followed Martin Luther's publication of the 95 Theses and was a movement to reform the Catholic Church but it resulted in the second major split within Christianity insteadSig: each side branded the other as heretics and their own religion as the one true faith; led to the creation of new Protestant churches in England and Switzerland AND provided a motive to Catholics to earn more converts in America than the Protestants

  Reconquista

  Def: The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims and Jews out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492Sig: evidence of differential treatment of religious groups in Spain that eventually led to their expulsion but also allowed for the Ottoman Empire to absorb them and their talents to their benefit (Jews were allowed their own self-governance in Ottoman lands)

  Salaried Samurai

  Def: Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, the importance of these individuals as mercenaries/warriors who reported only to their daimyo declined so they took paid jobs as bureaucrats within the government of the shogunateSig: this was an effort by the Tokugawa government to minimize resistance from this warrior class and in effect, break the power hold of the daimyos who they served

  Sikhism

  Def: a syncretic belief system founded by Guru Nanak in the early 1500s in South Asia which blends elements of Hinduism and Islam into a single faithSig: its rejection of the caste system and lesser patriarchal expectations made it appealing to Hindus, women, and merchants; was under attack by the Mughal empire since its inception, leading to longstanding Sikh/Muslim enmity

  Silver

  Def: vital product of the Americas as mined by the Spanish in Mexico and Peru that was increasingly demanded in global exchangeSig: was the world's first global currency (coins called "pesos de ochos") that united the entire world in trade for the first time

  Single-Whip Tax System

  Def: due to a shortage of copper coins and falsification of records by local landholders, Ming policy starting in 1522 was to combine land and labor tax into one national tax to be paid in the form of silverSig: prototype of the modern taxation system but also increased China's demand for New World and Japanese silver

  Sultanate of Oman

  Def: a prominent Indian Ocean Trade player located on the Strait of Hormuz in the middle east, all its ports faced the Indian Ocean and it was greatly involved in trade from East Africa to ChinaSig: Defeated and occupied by the Portuguese from 1507-1648, it remerged as a Indian Ocean Trade power and ran the slave trade out of East Africa after kicking the Portuguese out and despite of growing European power in the Indian Ocean

  Syncretism

  Def: the combining of different beliefs, religions and schools of thought into new belief systems, such as Santeria in Cuba and Vodun in Haiti (Catholicism+Native American+West African beliefs)Sig: these cultural blendings became a central feature of a country's identity, such as in Mexico and Cuba, and also allowed African slaves to secretly thwart the efforts of Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity

  Trading Post Empire

  Def: began by the Portuguese who implemented control over trade routes from West Africa to East Asia by forcing merchant vessels to pay duties at fortified trading sites and buy safe-conduct passes to trade on the routes Sig: dramatically increased European power in these areas without the need to create land empires

  Tokugawa Shogunate

  Def: the unification of Japan in the 1500s under a military government led by the shogun (who had more power than the symbolic emperor he "reported" to) which brought nearly 300 years of peace and stability to the nation while decreasing the power of the landholders and the samurai warriorsSig: policies of this government included isolationism from trade with Europeans by only giving the Dutch the right to trade with Japan once a year

  Versailles Palace

  Def: royal palace built during the reign of Louis XIV which he used to enforce his power and prestige and limited the power of his nobles by insisting they live in the palace under his watchful eyesSig: an example of a monarch using monumental architecture to legitimize his rule

  Volta del Mar

  Def: a major step in the art/science of navigation perfected by Portuguese navigators in the mid-late 15th century, using the dependable phenomenon of the great permanent wind wheel, the North Atlantic GyreSig: the European sea empires would never have been established had the Europeans not figured out how the trade winds in the Atlantic worked

  Wahhabism

  Def: named for the teachings of strict Islamist scholar Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in Saudi Arabia, who believed that non-Quranic practices, such as veneration of Sufi saints or the study of logic, were damaging to authentic IslamSig: was a conservative backlash within Islam against more lax practices or way of life (i.e. women's rights dramatically decreased); the Saudi Wahhabis in Arabia became the chief challengers to the Ottoman Empire for the spiritual leadership of Islam and overseeing of Mecca

  Zamindar system

  Def: this group was the noble ruling class under the Mughals, with most being former Indian princes whose sovereignty became limited and ultimately lost under British rule. Sig: the aristocrats were responsible for collecting taxes from the peasants living in their large tracts of land while keeping some of the money for themselves

Unit 5: Revolutions (c. 1750–1900)

• Absolutism

  Def: the political theory that monarchs have complete control over their subjects by divine rightSig: this theory allowed many monarchs across Eurasia to consolidate their power at a time of remarkable change to their societies and to handle the religious diversity of their many subjects

  Adam Smith

  Def: a Scottish economist, Enlightenment philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher who authored "The Wealth of Nations"Sig: Opposed mercantilism because he believed government should not have a hand in directing the economy (i.e. laissez faire); believed economy should be directed by consumers and supply and demand; credited for creating classical economics and championing capitalism

  American Revolution (1775-1783)

  Def: a revolutionary war raged by the British American colonists against their colonial power, Great Britain, that led to the successful independence of the United States from Great BritainSig: influenced by Enlightenment ideals, revolutionary documents such as the "Declaration of Independence" were created that espoused ideas of freedom and liberty; the American Revolution influenced later revolutions including the French Revolution, Haitian Revolution and Latin American Revolutions

  Bourgeoisie

  Def: the largely middle class who defended the French Revolution against the aristocracy; in Marxist ideology, a class or group of people committed to owning private-propertySig: later become termed as "capitalists" who, according to socialist ideology, exploited the labor of the working class to become wealthy, leading to issues such as poverty, inequality, etc.

  Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900)

  Def: led by a group of the same name, who unsuccessfully tried to rid China of foreign influence but failed due to foreign forces moving quickly to put it downSig: their defeat allowed foreigners to gain even more concessions from the Qing, thus further weakening the dynasty

  Capitalism

  Def: an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the stateSig: was a direct result of Industrialization and Imperialism; the system spread, along with democracy, around the globe; heavily influenced globalization and led to direct competition with socialist countries and economies

  Communism

  Def: Inspired by Karl Marx's "Communist Manifesto", this is a totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production and controls all sociopolitical facets of the country on behalf of the previously exploited lower classesSig: inspired many local resistance movements to capitalism; was the theory of the Bolsheviks in Russia that overthrew the czarist government to establish the Soviet Union, and spread around the globe; this spread led to competition between democratic Western nations and communist Eastern nations known as the Cold War

  Cult of Domesticity

  Def: the rise in America of an ideal of feminine behavior and womanliness in the period of 1820 to 1860; woman was portrayed as the chief homemaker and caregiver due to what was considered her "unique" moral and temperamental qualitiesSig: propagated quickly through popular culture, such as magazines, newspapers, and fiction, to set the standard for the ideal woman; still influences conservative views of a woman's role in modern societies

  "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" (1789)

  Def: set forth by the National Assembly in 1789, this revolutionary document that was established during the French Revolution; it described ideals of natural rights, rights of man are universal and the protection of individuals under the lawSig: further spread Enlightenment ideals and influenced the eventual overthrow of the French monarchy; it influenced the spread of freedom and democracy around the globe into the 19th century, including Haiti

  Enlightenment

  Def: also known as the "Age of Reason"; period of time where thinkers began to apply principles of reason and nature to government, economics, etc.; thinkers such as John Locke, Montesquieu and Voltaire were among the most influentialSig: these ideas caused people to question and reject traditional forms of government, most notably absolutism; played a critical role in revolution and rebellion against existing governments, as well as the abolition of slavery, suffrage and the end of serfdom

  Factory System

  Def: method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor; led to the significant increase in the mass production of goods, development of interchangeable parts and creation of the assembly line; emerged as a result of the Industrial RevolutionSig: increased the global economy and drive for a source for raw materials; harsh and dangerous working conditions led to the development of labor unions championing better pay and working conditions and governments passing legislation to protect workers

  French Revolution (1789-1799)

  Def: a rebellion of the common people against the absolute monarchy, church and aristocracy of France; caused primarily by increased taxation but lack of representation in government and excessive spending of the monarchy; began when the Third Estate broke off from the Estates General to form the National AssemblySig: led to the downfall of the French monarchy and rise of a constitutional assembly; the Reign of Terror led to instability in the government and mass casualties; perpetuated Enlightenment ideals and spread revolutionary fervor through Europe

  First Industrial Revolution

  Def: technological innovations in the 1700s led to the industrialization and mass production of goods using machine power; was a gradual process that spread throughout western Europe to Russia, the U.S. and JapanSig: revolutionized production of goods through machines such as the flying shuttle and spinning jenny; standard of living rose and rapid urbanization occurred as people moved to the cities to work in factories; led to the rise of the bourgeoisie; governments passed legislation to protect workers

  Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

  Def: the first colony in Latin America to gain its independence; leaders such as slave Toussaint-Louverture organized the revolt and they gained their independence from France in 1804Sig: first well-known successful slave revolt; inspired slaves to challenge authority in other areas of the Americas while inspiring fear among the white ruling classes

  Karl Marx

  Def: socio-economic theorist that wrote the "Communist Manifesto" with Friedrich Engels; his ideas included and analyzation of class relations and social conflict to drive economic and governmental policy; belief that industrial capitalism is an inherently unstable system, doomed to fail through revolutionary upheaval by the proletariat, creating a classless societySig: his ideas inspired socialist movements of workers and intellectuals during the Industrial Revolution in Europe; socialists created political parties in most European states and internationally; inspired many late 19th and early 20th century revolutionary movements

  Labor Unions

  Def: an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests; these became more widespread in the late 19th century, as a result of the spread of socialist ideas and a resistance against abuses in the factory system and urban issuesSig: successfully led to widespread reform across many western countries, including a higher minimum-wage, child labor laws, better working conditions and hours; also further spread socialist ideas and led to widespread protests in several countries, including the U.S.

  Latin American Revolutions

  Def: a series of uprisings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes; these revolutions were inspired in part by the ideals spread from the American and French RevolutionsSig: led to the decrease of Spanish global power and the rise of many independent nations across Central and South America; however, many lower class peoples were still repressed and didn't truly gain political power or influence in these countries

  "Letter from Jamaica" (1815)

  Def: was a document written by Simon Bolivar in 1815; he explained his thoughts on Spanish power in the time period and the possible future of new states after the results of revolutions against Spain; he called for the support of Europe in the Latin American's struggle for independence against SpainSig: heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideals and those revolutionary documents from the American and French Revolutions; Bolivar expressed ideas of equality under the law, democracy, and natural rights of all

  Liberalism

  Def: a political ideology asserting that individuals possess certain rights such as liberty and equality and that the purpose of government is to protect these rightsSig: developed in response to the Enlightenment ideas and the changes brought about by the American and French Revolutions and reflective of the spread of transnational ideologies in this time period

  Limited-Liability Corporation

  Def: a type of business with limited liability for the owners, with the advantage of not paying corporate income tax; the owners of the company are not personally liable for any of the debt or other issues within a companySig: developed in the 19th century as a new financial instrument and came to replace many joint-stock companies of earlier times; became increasingly popular in many western nations including the U.S.

  Mary Wollstonecraft's "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" (1792)

  Def: one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy; Wollstonecraft argues that all women should have the right to education, as they are the ones educating children; additionally, she argued that women have fundamentally the same rights as men.Sig: became extremely popular and initiated many debates across countries and the need for greater women's rights; influenced by revolutionary and Enlightenment ideals, the publication further spread ideas of freedom and equality around the globe.

  Maori Nationalism

  Def: a series of protests of the native Maori New Zealand population against British colonial rulers; the Maori nationalists used petitions, court cases, deputations to the British monarch and New Zealand governments, passive resistance and boycotts to achieve independence as a separate Maori political systemSig: led to a series of conflicts and even violent revolts against the New Zealand government; the Maori population was not fully successful in achieving full independence, but eventually would receive land rights and greater political representation in New Zealand government

  Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)

  Def: rebellion overthrew the shogun and established a government led by the emperor, who initiated a series of social, economic and political reform to modernize the nation by selectively borrowing Western ideas, including rapid industrialization and modernization of the military, to avoid the same fate as ChinaSig: began a foreign policy of empire building that would establish Japan as a global power into the 20th century and chief antagonist of the United States in the Pacific

  Muhammad Ali

  Def: ended traditional Egyptian society and Mamluk's rule after French occupation; made cotton the chief crop of Egypt but efforts to industrialize failedSig: founded a dynasty which ruled Egypt from the early 19th to the mid-20th century; encouraged the emergence of the modern Egyptian state through economic, social and political reform

  Nationalism

  Def: feeling of pride in one's nation; played a significant role in political movements throughout the late 18th and 19th centuries, including during the French Revolution and the unification movements in Germany and ItalySig: beginning in the 1700s, this global trend emerged as people began to develop a new sense of identity based on shared language, religion, traditions and territory; influenced the Zionist movement, Sepoy Mutiny and the Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman EmpireNation-State (definition)

  Olympe de Gouges "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen"

  Def: written in 1791 by French feminist and activist Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen during the French Revolution; de Gouges hoped to expose the failure of the revolution in establishing gender equality in France and create more gender equality in the new French governmentSig: as a result of her writings, de Gouges was immediately executed; it brought attention to a set of feminist concerns that collectively reflected and influenced the aims of many French Revolution activists; it helped to spread the ideas of feminism throughout Western Europe

  Propaganda Movement (1872-1892)

  Def: was the first Filipino nationalist movement and was led by mestizos and creoles who were relatively wealthy, and had been influenced by Enlightenment ideals spread around Europe. The leaders felt that the Philippines should be fully incorporated into Spain as a Spanish province, not as a colony, with the Filipinos granted the same rights as Spanish citizensSig: the movement failed to succeed in granting the Philippines a territory of Spain, and remained a colony; however, the ideals of the movement spread nationalism throughout the Philippines and would later influence their fight for independence in 1896; Filipino cultural identity were also established as a result of this movement

  Second Industrial Revolution

  Def: emerged with the invention of electricity and the production of steel, chemicals and precision machinery in the later 19th centurySig: created heavily industrialized nations and increased military power; created globally-dominated countries with the use of new technology and weaponry; spread capitalist ideals to a global market

  Self-Strengthening Movement

  Def: a series of reforms enacted by the Qing dynasty as a result of a series of unequal treaties and internal revolts; the reforms focused on the introduction of selective Western technology in the hopes of modernizing the nationSig: had limited success (allowed China to bolster its military to a limited extent) but China remained an agrarian-based society centered on traditional Confucian thought

  Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)

  Def: a creole from South America who led a successful revolutionary movement against Spanish rule; for over a decade he led military campaigns against the Spanish, winning independence for Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and BoliviaSig: was inspired by the American and French Revolutions and Enlightenment ideals; desired to create a United States of Latin America but was hindered by nationalist sentiments, which led to the creation of individual nations instead

  Socialism

  Def: the belief that people should work toward the creation of a perfect society in which everyone was equal; encouraged workers to take control and create a classless society; pioneered by Karl Marx in his "Communist Manifesto"Sig: this theory gets adopted by the Bolsheviks in Russia and the later Soviet Union; spread largely due to unhappiness in existing forms of government and/or imperial rule

  Specialization of Labor

  Def: the breakdown of jobs into more narrow and specific tasks; rose with the prominence of the factory system in the 19th century, with certain workers taking on certain roles within the factory systemSig: led to the rise of factory jobs and increasing use of machinery for labor; eventually decreased human labor in favor of machinery and moving parts to create products

  Stock Market

  Def: a general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company; developed as a new financial instrument in the 19th century as a result of the new global nature of tradeSig: led to the growth of larger international and transnational corporations that increased the power of Western nations, such as the U.S.; led to the decrease of the power of traditional joint-stock companies

  Urbanization

  Def: an increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements; during the Industrial Revolution, large amounts of the population migrated from rural areas to cities in search of workSig: led to widespread poverty, overcrowding, crime, pollution and overall decrease in the standard of living in cities; many governments struggled to have the infrastructure in place to support the large migration of people

  Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

  Def: a rebellion by Chinese peasants challenged and threatened the imperial rule of the Qing dynasty; the leaders of the revolt were heavily influenced by Christian teachings and offered ideas such as the redistribution of land, public education and rights for womenSig: although the rebellion was successful in gaining supporters and captured Nanjing, led to a tremendous loss of life; ultimately failed but forced the Qing to make reforms, such as the Self-Strengthening Movement

  Tanzimat

  Def: was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire through various attempts to modernize the empire, and secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers.Sig: many overall reforms remained in place, including higher education, greater rights, and modern art, architecture, clothing and lifestyle were implemented. Though a constitution was implemented, the sultan's power remained largely untouched.

  Transnational Business

  Def: a business that operates in several different countries but has their primary office and headquarters in one country; the growth of the global nature of trade and production led to the increase in these businesses in the 19th century, as the influence of mercantilism and joint-stock companies decreasedSig: led to greater economic imperialism by several countries, including the United States, who used transnational businesses as a way to influence other countries; examples include HSBC, Unilever and the United Fruit Company

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (c. 1750–1900)

• Cherokee Nation

  Def: an independent established tribal state established in 1833 in modern-day Oklahoma after the passing of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 (Trail of Tears) forced thousands of Cherokee from their original homeland.Sig: it operated autonomously from the U.S. government, and established its own Supreme Court and Constitution. The Cherokee routinely fought for Native American rights and against the continued westward expansion of the U.S. government in the 19th century.

  Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

  Def: was the first significant law restricting immigration into the U.S. when west coast Americans blamed declining wages & economic problems on this population; Congress passed the act which suspended their immigration for ten years and prevented them from becoming citizens until 1943.Sig: led to a sharp decline in this population in the U.S. and laid the foundation for future immigration restrictions against other "undesirable" groups from the Eastern or Southern Hemisphere

  Civilizing Missions

  Def: genuine but condescending sense of responsibility among Europeans to improve the "weaker races" by Christianizing them, and providing them with a measure of education, good government, work discipline, health care, etc.Sig: accompanied the notion of Social Darwinism and perpetuated the view of natives as "lazy" or "heathens; suppressed "native customs" that ran counter to Western ways of living in exchange for European values that were defined as "progress"

  Economic Imperialism/Neocolonialism

  Def: the policy in which one country gains control over another by making a weaker country dependent upon its manufactured goods while extracting its natural resources to supply its industry with raw materials (thus making the weaker country become an export economy)Sig: allowed for western European countries & the U.S. to gain more wealth and power but it also severely limited the dependant country's ability to create it's own industries and therefore strengthen its economy independently, which is the source of political and economic issues in many third world countries today

  Ghost Dance

  Def: a ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land; was a form of resistance against American westward expansionSig: It signified native resistance against American expansionism and neocolonialism; resulted in multiple massacres of Native Americans in the U.S., as the American authorities misinterpreted the dance as a threat to the U.S. government.

  1857 Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny)

  Def: led by Indian soldiers against the British East India Company in protest of rules that threatened religious traditions, such as the sepoys' (Indian soldier) gun cartridges were greased in pig and cow fat, an insult to both Muslim and Hindu traditions.Sig: the BEIC quickly put down the revolt, but led to Britain taking direct political control of India; the revolt was reflective of a trend during this time period revealing increasing discontent with imperial rule

  Imperialism

  Def: spurned by nationalist movements and racial ideologies, a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military forceSig: led to an increased sense of competition as strong nations sought to expand their empires, creating new transoceanic empires in the Eastern Hemisphere; was a major cause of World War I

  King Leopold II

  Def: the King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). He was a key player in the Scramble for Africa, and developing the rubber and ivory trade from the Congo.Sig: his brutal and violent tactics against the Congolese including cutting off the hands of workers who did not meet their rubber quota; these tactics led to the deaths of millions of Congolese and the eventual overtaking of the administration of the Congo Free State by the Belgian government.

  Mahdist War (1881-99)

  Def: a rebellion against the Khedivate of Egypt, and later the British by the Mahdist Sudanese in modern-day Sudan. Inspired by Islam, it was led by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah, who had proclaimed himself the "Mahdi" of Islam.Sig: it was a decisive rebellion against the imperialist forces of Britain, but it resulted in the creation of the jointly-ruled state of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, where the British and the Egyptians, where the British had de facto control over Sudan.

  Scramble for Africa

  Def: was the occupation, division and colonization of the African continent by European powers following the Berlin Conference, during the period of New Imperialism between 1881-1914Sig: increased European power in Africa and domination of trade and the supply of raw materials; reduced native populations by disease and warfare; significantly weakened African states (effects seen in modern-day) with a lack of industrialized economies

  Settler Colonies

  Def: areas outside of Europe in which so many European immigrants voluntarily settled that their numbers were large enough to secure political dominance, even if they were the minority amongst the indigenous population.Sig: these colonies included regions such as Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, where especially the British extended their dominance into the Pacific. It allowed for the quicker takeover of indigenous populations in these regions.

  Social Darwinism

  Def: theory based in part on Charles Darwin's theories of evolution and natural selection; the concept of "survival of the fittest" was was used to explain why some people where more successful than othersSig: this racial ideology served as justification for white European capitalist powers to control other nations and justify imperialism

  Sokoto Caliphate

  Def: an independent Islamic Sunni Caliphate in West Africa, that came to occupy what is now modern-day Nigeria. Founded by Usman dan Fodio, an Islamic scholar, who conquered the Hausa people in the region, but was later overthrown by the British in 1903.Sig: the Caliphate created a unified political and economic policy while promoting a reformist Islamic movement; when the British overthrew the Caliphate, they retained the position of Sultan, which continues to be recognized on modern Nigeria today.

  Tupac Amaru II Rebellion (1780-1781)

  Def: an uprising of native and mestizo peasants against the Bourbon reforms of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Though Tupac Amaru II was captured and executed early into the rebellion, the revolt continued for a few years after his death.Sig: it lead to the deaths of at least 100,000 natives, but as a result the Peruvian government lessened the mit'a obligations of the natives and reorganized the government administration.

  United Fruit Company

  Def: American corporation that traded in tropical fruit (primarily bananas), grown on Central and South American plantations, and sold in the United States and Europe; until the 1970s, it dominated 90% of the global banana marketSig: dominated portions of a dozen countries in the Western Hemisphere through repressive methods, both by supporting right wing dictators and using paternalism and violence to control workers; laid the framework for modern multinational corporations

  White Australia Policy

  Def: a series of political policies instituted by the Australian government to prevent the further immigration of non-European people to Australia; caused due to the competition between laborers in the gold fields and sugar plantations.Sig: was heavily influenced by European ideals and racist ideologies such as the "White Man's Burden" and the Chinese Exclusion Acts

  "White Man's Burden"

  Def: poem by Rudyard Kipling that explained why white Europeans (and Americans) had a moral responsibility to take control of weaker nationsSig: Christian missionaries were supportive of this moral duty, as they sought to bring Christianity to newly colonized lands and "civilize" the native people; spread racist and Eurocentric ideologies across the globe

  Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement

  Def: in 1856, a young girl in South Africa claimed to have a prophetic event, in which the spirit of a man told her that her entire village needed to kill off their cattle to have those to have been killed rise from the dead. This sent the region into a frenzy, and many people deliberately killed off their cattle and crops as a way to return their nation to its former glory.Sig: one of the first instances of mass resistance to Imperial powers, this was a way for the Xhosa people to resist the British rulers and overall European imperialism in Africa. However, thousands of people died of starvation as a result.

  Yaa Asantewaa War

  Def: was the final war in a series of conflicts between the British imperial government and the nation of Gold Coast and the Ashanti Empire. Led by warrior Queen Yaa Asantewaa, who led an army to defiantly fight the British and neocolonialism in the area.Sig: the British swiftly defeated the Asante people, which led to the Gold Coast and the Ashanti Empire becoming protectorates of the British crown; Yaa Asantewaa and other leaders were sent into exile. It is considered one of a series of major native rebellions against European imperialism.

  Zulu Kingdom Rebellion (1872-1887)

  Def: the Zulus began fighting in 1843, when Britain invaded Zululand; the Zulu king refused British demand that he disband his troops and the British fully invaded the country; led to a bloody conflict between the two sidesSig: the Zulu were forced to surrender at the hands of the British, annexing their land into the colony of the Union of South Africa in 1910; was one of a series of African rebellion movements against imperialist powers; spread African resentment of European colonization

Unit 7: Global Conflict & Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization (c. 1900–present)

• Armenian Genocide

  the massive and deliberate killing of 1.5 million Armenian civilians living in the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turks as a result of rising Turkish nationalism and distrust of Christian Armenians, who were thought to be siding with Russia during WWI and no longer loyal to the empire; displaced thousands of Armenians and eliminated many parts of Armenian culture; the Turkish government today still refuses to recognize it as a genocide

  Fascism/Nazism

  government system which emerged in Italy and Germany in the 1920s as a result of economic depression and the desire for strong leadership, it is characterized by extreme nationalism and state control over all aspects of life, including added militarism, anti-Semitism, and curbing of people's civil liberties; Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany led to the start of WWII.

  Five Year Plans

  economic policy initiated by Joseph Stalin in the USSR that set high quotas in an attempt to improve Soviet agricultural and industrial output so the Soviet Union could become a leading industrial nation - this led to intense control over the common people and the death of millions of peasants and landowners through starvation and persecution

  Great Depression

  worldwide economic slump starting with the 1929 U.S. stock market crash, bank failures, and bankruptcies, which led to tremendous instability, and in nations that were already struggling with establishing new political identities and rebuilding their damaged post-WWI economies, such as Germany and Italy, extreme forms of government emerged (Fascism/Nazism)

  Great Purges

  during the 1930s, it was an attempt to cleanse the Soviet Union of supposed "enemies of the people, leading to nearly a million people being executed and 4-5 million or more sentenced to forced labor in the gulags

  Holocaust

  result of the "Final Solution" that was enacted by the Nazis to kill all Jews in Europe, plus 5 million others, including the creation of concentration camps to process the deaths; reduced the Jewish population of Europe and facilitated the creation of the State of Israel in the Middle East as a homeland for the Jews

  Influenza Pandemic of 1918

  worldwide spread of the influenza disease that killed between 50-100 million people towards the end of WWI, including troops and civilians, making it the first super virus to spread around the world since the plague of the 14th century

  League of Nations

  a world organization established in 1920, as a part of the Treaty of Versailles, to promote international cooperation and peace; though it was proposed by US President Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless in protecting members, as seen in the Italian takeover of Ethiopia in 1935, it was officially dissolved in 1946 and replaced by the United Nations.

  Mexican Revolution (1910)

  popular movement, led by Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa who gained support from peasants and the middle class, in response to discontent over dictator Porfirio Diaz's corrupt leadership in which Americans and the top Mexican families gained any benefit - it led to the adoption of a constitution that established some land reform in the form of limited land redistribution, rights for workers and women, and led to Mexico becoming a larger economic force in North America

  The New Deal

  U.S. legislation and economic recovery initiated by President Roosevelt, in order to boost the economy following the Great Depression, including laws protecting citizens through jobs, minimum wage and social security - it ultimately marked a shift in U.S. domestic policy, giving the government more control and responsibility in the economy

  Russian Revolution (1917)

  Prompted by labor unrest, lack of personal liberties and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred when Czar Nicholas II, after abdicating his thrown, was murdered by Bolsheviks who, led by Vladimir Lenin, sought control to implement their ideas of socialism on the Russian state and economy; led to Russia pulling out of WWI, land redistribution, the creation of the Soviet state (USSR) and the formation of the Cold War after WWII

  The "Sick Man of Europe"

  label given to the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century because it was experiencing a time of economic difficulty or impoverishment - it influenced English and French policy towards the Ottomans and the fomenting of independence movements among its territories in an effort to continue weakening the empire

  Total War

  war that requires each country involved to mobilize its entire population in the effort to defeat the enemy - has led to increased levels of wartime casualties which now included civilians, which then led to major demographic shifts

  Treaty of Versailles (1919)

  peace treaty that officially ended World War I but the immense penalties it placed on Germany, including the war-guilt clause, are regarded as one of the causes of World War II

  Anti-Apartheid Movement

  a British organization at the center of the international movement opposing South Africa's system of apartheid by supporting South Africa's non-whites - it cooperated with the U.N. in creating sanctions against apartheid South Africa and built support for ending the practice

  Cold War

  Political and ideological state of near-war between the Western World and the communist world that lasted from 1946 to 1991, leading to an arms race, incl. nuclear weapons, and political tensions between the U.S. and its NATO allies and the U.S.S.R and its Warsaw Pact allies, as well as the space race and proxy wars across the globe, especially in the developing world

  Collectivization

  the process of rural reform under-taken by the communist leadership of the USSR and China to improve industrialization and agricultural output, leading to abolition of private property, peasants forced onto larger and more industrialized farms to work and share the proceeds as a community rather than as individuals, decreased human rights and the creation of gulags (labor camps) in the USSR.

  Communism

  Inspired by Karl Marx's "Communist Manifesto", this is a totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production and all sociopolitical facets of the country "on behalf" of the previously exploited lower classes, inspiring the Russian Revolution which overthrew the Czar, and spread to China and elsewhere, leading to competition between democratic Western nations and communist Eastern nations known as the Cold War

  Cultural Revolution

  movement starting in 1966 by Mao Zedong in order to seek out and silence opposition to Mao's leadership and his vision of communism; China's intellectual elite were heavily persecuted; millions of people were publicly humiliated, jailed, or killed; contributed to the increased instability in the nation and discouraged China from advancing socially or economically

  Fundamentalism

  a self-proclaimed return to the "fundamentals" of a religion and is marked by militant piety and exclusivism, it occurs within all the major world religions, and has created hostilities and even political action against some groups; Al-Qaeda is an example of a fundamentalist group

  Glasnost

  Gorbachev's policy of "openness", which allowed greater cultural and intellectual freedom and ended most censorship of the media within the USSR, resulted in a burst of awareness of the problems and corruption of the Soviet system, and eventually led to the end of the Cold War and downfall of the Soviet Union

  Great Leap Forward

  major Chinese initiative led by Mao Zedong intended to promote small-scale industrialization and increase knowledge of technology and though it increased industrial output, in reality it caused a major crisis and made a devastating famine worse

  Indian National Congress (INC)

  Organization established in 1885 by Western-educated elite Indians in an effort to win a voice in the governance of India and became a major popular movement after World War I that won India's independence from Britain

  India/Pakistan Partition

  as per the Indian Independence Act of 1947, British India was divided into two new nations as the British left but it displaced over 14 million people along religious lines, and created a refugee crisis in both India and Pakistan - to date boundary disputes between the two countries have caused wars and continuing hostility and tension

  Military Industrial Complex

  term used by President Eisenhower in the 1950s to warn the US against excessive military spending in the quest for military buildup as a response to the growing influence of Communism and the Soviet Union - but the result was increasing tension and escalation of hostilities as seen in the proxy wars fought during the Cold war - the U.S. is now the largest military industrial complex, leading the world in military spending

  Muslim League

  created in 1906 as a response to the growing power of the Indian National Congress in the fight for independence - many South Asian Muslims wanted an organization that would successfully advocate for the creation of a separate state for Muslims called Pakistan

  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

  An alliance formed in 1949 among the US, Canada, and most of the states of Western Europe in response to the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance requires the members to consider an attack on any one of them as an attack on all.

  Non-Aligned Movement

  promised an alternative to politically allying with U.S. or the Soviet Union during the Cold War but pitted one side against another in an effort to gain the most economic aid for their country

  Nuclear Proliferation

  the spread of nuclear weapons, technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; proliferation has been opposed by many nations with and without nuclear weapons, as governments fear that more countries with nuclear weapons will increase the possibility of nuclear warfare, de-stabilize international or regional relations, or infringe upon the national sovereignty of states.

  Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

  Organization created in 1964 under the leadership of Yasser Arafat to champion Palestinian rights; it's importance increased in the aftermath of the defeat suffered by the Arab states in the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War, after which it declared armed struggle (including violence against civilians) was necessary to liberate Palestine, thus paving the way for radical groups to join the fight

  Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism

  nationalist movements seeking to eliminate foreign influence and align cultural and political unification in Africa and Arab nations, eventually leading to the creation of many new nations who pitted the US and Soviet Union against each other to gain economic aid to better their country

  Perestroika

  bold economic program launched by Gorbachev to reform the communist economy and allow some freedoms to Soviet industry and businesses but it ultimately led to the rise of capitalism in the USSR and the eventual downfall of the Soviet state

  Proxy Wars

  wars instigated by a major power that does not itself become involved, but heavily influences one side in their own self-interest - these increased during the Cold War, as the U.S. and the USSR influenced foreign wars for their own interests, such as spreading communism (or preventing its spread); examples include the Korean War, Vietnam War, Soviet-Afghan War and even the modern Syrian Civil War

  Satyagraha Movement

  Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violent political action against British rule, which went on to influence future non-violent movements, including the American Civil Rights movement and Martin Luther King Jr's political philosophy

  Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)

  proxy war that resulted from the rise of a communist party in Afghanistan whose policies were in direct opposition to Muslim beliefs and led to local resistance, leading to the Soviet Union invading to install a communist president to gain control of the country - this led to a nine year war in which western nations, including the U.S. sided with (and funded) the Islamic warriors but the resulting post-war political instability in Afghanistan allowed the Taliban to rise to power

  Warsaw Pact (1955)

  An agreement signed between the Soviet Union and a host of other Eastern European nations, setting up a communistic military counterweight to NATO in the West; opposed the spread of western capitalism and democracy

  White Revolution (1963)

  was a far-reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, which lasted until 1979; his efforts of modernization of Iran's economy, infrastructure and cultural aspects including irrigation projects, land reform, sale of state-run factories, rights for women and development of better healthcare led to the increased productivity of Iran's economy; led to increased tensions with clergy and peasants in Iran, which would eventually lead to the Shah's downfall in the Iranian Revolution of 1979

  European Economic Community (EEC)

  regional trade agreement founded in 1957 with the goal to dissolve tariffs in Europe and increase free trade, create a common currency across Europe, and work in conjunction with the European Union, which lead to increased economic prosperity in Europe post-WWII

  European Union (EU)

  the final step in a series of arrangements that started after WWII to increase cooperation between European states through the formation of a cooperation of European countries to address political and socioeconomic issues, eventually leading to the creation of a common currency, the Euro, and allowed for reduced/eliminated travel and trade barriers across the continent; recently, Great Britain voted to leave the union (Brexit)

  Green Revolution

  also known as the "Third Agricultural Revolution", it was a set of research technology transfer initiatives occurring between 1950 and the late 1960s, that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world; the initiatives resulted in the adoption of new technologies, including high-yielding varieties of grains, in association with chemical fertilizers and agro-chemicals, and with controlled water-supply and new methods of cultivation; these led to a rapid increase in population in developing Asian countries

  Kyoto Protocol on Global Warming

  an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to slow global warming - this was signed by 174 countries as of November 2007 but not the USA, which caused international tensions

  Liberation Theology

  Roman Catholic movement, that is particularly active in Latin America, which argues that Christians need to engage in the pursuit of social justice and human rights

  Negritude Movement

  grassroots movement that strove to revive African culture and traditions as expressed by poets and artists, this led to Pan-African movements and nationalist movements to remove foreign European influence and anti-colonial movements

  Neoliberalism

  an economic and political worldview developed in the 1970s that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government (including reduced tariffs) - it was especially advocated by Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan and has been held responsible for the growing disparity between the rich and the poor as well as the Recession of 2008

  Pacific Rim Economies

  the geographic area surrounding the Pacific Ocean which contains countries that rapidly industrialized and modernized after decolonization (i.e. Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan) and became a hotbed of technological innovation and export and key players in globalization

  Second Wave Feminism

  women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda than earlier women's suffrage movements, which included equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination

  United Nations (UN)

  an international organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security to prevent another World War in the future, it's effectiveness was tested in the forthcoming Cold War era and beyond - it also provides humanitarian assistance around the world to areas in need through a variety of organizations that work to facilitate international cooperation.

  World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO)

  is a global association of 401 organizations who are committed to improving the livelihoods of economically marginalized producers; its goals include creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers, develop producers independence, fair pricing, gender equity, safe working environments and practices

++ people to know Period 4

Woodrow Wilson

President of the USA during WWI and one of the Big Four at the Treaty of Versailles; envisioned an ideal ending to World War I and the creation of the League of Nations to prevent another war; except for the League of Nations, his vision largely failed due to lack of buy in from Americans and Europeans

Martin Luther King Jr.

leading African-American civil rights leader in the 1960s; following the practice of Gandhi, championed non-violence as a means of bringing about political change

Ronald Reagan

President of the USA from 1981 to 1989; renewed arms race with the USSR; implemented a massive tax cut for the rich; promoted free market policies and deregulation of businesses

Fidel Castro

revolutionary leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008 who overthrew the American-friendly government of Cuba; first leader to implement full scale communism in the Western Hemisphere; staunch ally of the Soviet Union and precipitated some of the worse crises of the Cold War

Che Guevara

Argentine-born revolutionary who waged guerrilla warfare in an effort to remedy Latin America's and Africa's social and economic ills until his death in 1967; became a well-known face of the Cuban Revolution (along with Fidel Castro) as well as a symbol of radical revolution for those who felt exploited by capitalists; championed land reform in the many regions where he fought, including in Africa

Sukarno

was an Indonesian politician who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967; he was also a prominent leader of the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War; He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during the Dutch colonial period; the early 1960s saw Sukarno veering Indonesia to the left by providing support and protection to the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) to the irritation of the military and Islamists. He also embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under the rubric of anti-imperialism, with aid from the Soviet Union and China

Kwame Nkrumah

politician and revolutionary who was the first president of Ghana from 1960 to 1966 after helping his country gain independence from Britain; staunch pan-Africanist and supporter of the policy of "Africa for the Africans"; was a Marxist-Leninist in his political beliefs; appealed to the US for help in building the Volta Dam but expressed solidarity with the communist powers and believed socialism, not capitalism, was the best economic system for Africans

Mao Zedong

controversial Chairman of China's Communist party ("CCP") and de factor ruler of China from 1949 until his death in 1976; overthrew China's Republican government and oversaw the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution that devastated China, leading to millions of deaths

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War II (and part of the 1950s); staunch opponent of fascism and communism but ally to the United States and Soviet Union during WWII, was committed to promoting free market policies after WWII but was a fierce imperialist

Emperor Hirohito

Emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989; his reign saw the war on China, Japan's imperialist actions in the Pacific and Asia, and the war against the Allies; upon Japan's surrender, he was allowed to remain on the throne to provide his people with a sense of political continuity but never faced charges or trials for the crimes against humanity that occurred in conquered areas; saw his country become the 2nd most powerful economy in the world after American post-war occupation ended

Francisco Franco

Spanish army general who became dictator from 1936 until his death in 1975 after winning the Spanish Civil War against the left-leaning republicans; reinstated the Spanish monarchy just before his death; while he came to power as a result of conflict, his rule led to the repression and deaths of almost 1/2 million political opponents and dissenters; pursued a policy of economic liberalization by the early 1950s and became allied with the West in the Cold War

Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi

political leader and undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain; the first individual to champion non-violence to achieve political change; although gaining independence, his dream of a united India where Muslims and Hindus could live peacefully side by side was not realized when India was partitioned

Mikhail Gorbachev

leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991; his reform efforts, including glasnost and perestroika, led to the collapse of the USSR

Adolf Hitler

Anti-Semitic leader of the German Nazi Party and head of state from 1933 to 1945; initiated World War II in Europe by breaking the Munich Agreement and invading neutral Poland; architect of the Holocaust

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

first president of the newly created state of Pakistan in 1947 until his death in 1948; as leader of India's All-India Muslim league, he was a staunch separatist who advocated creating a separate Muslim state for India upon independence from Great Britain because of perceived or real discrimination experienced by Muslims in India

Chiang Kai-shek

controversial political and military leader of the Kuomintang "KMT" (Chinese nationalist party) who headed up the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975, first on mainland China before the communists took over, and then later in Taiwan; while he unified the nation and resisted the Japanese, his authoritarian principles made him a dictator who suppressed and purged opponents and critics and arbitrarily jailed real and perceived opponents

Mustafa "Ataturk" Kemal

founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey from 1923 to 1938; as a military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a secular state

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

advanced Shia scholar of Islamic law who became the leader of Iran's Islamic revolution and ruled Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989; by consolidating the support of conservatives in Iran, he overthrow the West-friendly Shah of Iran, who went into exile in the US; to demand his return, Khomeini's supporters took 50+ American embassy employees hostage in 1979 for over a year (Iran Hostage Crisis)

Nikita Khrushchev

leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964; his leadership saw the creation of the Berlin Wall and some of the worst crises of the Cold War, including the Cuban Missile Crises

Vladimir Lenin

staunch Marxist, Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist who was head of the Soviet state from 1917 to 1924; main leader of Russia's communist revolution and after exercising "war communism," implemented a new economic policy that allowed some free market elements among farmers

Nelson Mandela

South African nationalist and leader for the African National Congress who, after decades of incarceration for his opposition to apartheid, became the elected president of South Africa in 1994; practiced non-violence in an effort to bring about the end of apartheid and brought the African National Congress to power

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader and freedom fighter against French colonizers and President of North Vietnam from 1945 to 1969; allied himself with the USSR and communist China to aid his country in gaining its independence from France; eventually fought US forces who started out supporting the French military but then increased their military presence as the French pulled out; the Vietnam War became one of the best known and longest fought proxy wars during the Cold War

Benito Mussolini

charismatic leader of the Italian Fascist party from 1922 to 1945, when he was executed by Italian partisans; staunch ally of Hitler who envisioned an Italian empire in the South Balkans and Northern Africa; invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935

Gamal Abdel Nasser

President of Egypt who served from 1956 until his death in 1970; upon nationalizing the Suez Canal, Egypt was attacked by Israel, Great Britain and France but when they were called off by the USA, USSR and the United Nations, Nasser's reputation was strengthened; promoted pan-Arabism and initiated socialist and modernization reforms, including industrialization, to develop the Egyptian economy

Augusto Pinochet

military dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990 who came to power in a coup with the help of the United States; while he came to power as a result of conflict, his presidency led to more conflicts as his rule resulted in widespread use of torture and for liquidating thousands of opponents of his regime; was a proponent of the free market and neoliberal in his views, i.e. removing trade protections (tariffs) for local industries, lessening regulations for private businesses, barring labor unions

Pol Pot

Marxist-Leninist Cambodian revolutionary and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Cambodia (i.e. Kampuchea) from 1976 to 1979 and leader of its communist party; in order to create an agrarian socialist society, he forcibly relocated urban dwellers to the countryside to work in collectivized farms; oversaw what came to be known as the Cambodian genocide which saw the death of approx. 3 million people through malnutrition, disease and mass killings

Josef Stalin

leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953; initiated the Five Year Plans to industrialize the USSR and collectivize agriculture and the Great Purge to execute or jail perceived enemies; his rule saw the death of millions of people but he also led the USSR to victory in WWII

Margaret Thatcher

first female prime minister of Britain who served from 1979 to 1990; promoted free market trade policies and deregulation in the financial sector, privatizing state owned businesses, reducing the power of labor unions and decreasing income tax

Deng Xiaoping

leader of China from 1976 to 1997, after Mao Zedong; his reforms essentially dismantled the communist elements of the Chinese economy to participate more fully in free trade with the rest of the world

Mengistu Haile Mariam

is an Ethiopian soldier and politician who was the leader of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991; Mengistu purged rivals for power from his party and made himself Ethiopia's dictator, attempting to modernize Ethiopia's feudal economy through Marxist-Leninist-inspired policies such as nationalization and land redistribution. His bloody consolidation of power in 1977-78 is known as the Ethiopian Red Terror, a brutal crackdown on opposition groups and civilians following a failed assassination attempt

Indira Gandhi

was an Indian politician and a central figure of the Indian National Congress; she was the first and, to date, the only female Prime Minister of India. As Prime Minister, Gandhi was known for her political intransigency and unprecedented centralization of power. She went to war with Pakistan in support of the independence movement and war of independence in East Pakistan, as well as increasing India's influence to the point where it became the regional hegemony of South Asia; she also adopted aggressive economic policy, which her government controlled to improve India's economy

Julius Nyerere

was a Tanzanian anti-colonial activist, politician, and political theorist. His administration pursued decolonization and the "Africanization" of the civil service while promoting unity between indigenous Africans and the country's Asian and European minorities. He encouraged the formation of a one-party state and unsuccessfully pursued the Pan-Africanist formation of an East African Federation with Uganda and Kenya; In 1967, Nyerere issued the Arusha Declaration which outlined his vision of "ujamaa". Banks and other major industries and companies were nationalized; education and healthcare were significantly expanded.

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

was a Sri Lankan stateswoman. She became the world's first non-hereditary female head of government in modern history, when she was elected Prime Minister of Sri Lanka in 1960; Bandaranaike attempted to reform the former British Colony of Ceylon into a socialist republic by nationalizing organizations in the banking, education, industry, media and trade sectors; she played a large role abroad as a negotiator and a leader among the Non-Aligned Nations.

Idi Amim

as an Ugandan military officer who served as the President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Popularly known as the "Butcher of Uganda", he is considered one of the cruelest despots in world history; As Amin's rule progressed into the late 1970s, there was increased unrest against his persecution of certain ethnic groups and political dissidents, along with Uganda's very poor international standing due to Amin's support for the terrorist hijackers in Operation Entebbe; Amin's rule was characterized by rampant human rights abuses, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement.

Osama Bin Laden

leader of Al-Qaeda, a wealthy Saudi Arabian who turned to militant religious fundamentalism; 9/11 and the death of 3000 Americans happened under his leadership, leading to a decade long hunt that culminating with his death in 2011 at the hands of the US military