1.02 Living things:
You are a living thing. Grass, whales, and bats are living things too.
But stones and rain are non-living things. Living things are different from
non-living things in the ways shown below.
Living things move and have senses :
Animals walk. or run. or hop, or crawl. or swim. or tlyfl'hey find their
way using sense organs. These are eyes, ears. noses. taste buds. skin. and
insect feelers called antennae.
Plants move by growing, like these
beans growing up bean poles.
They don't have sense organs but
they can still respond to things.
Roots grow down in response to
gravity, and to find water/Shoots
grow up toward light
Living things feed:
They need food for energy, growth, and repair.
Carbon dioxide
from the air
Water
from the soil
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
Photosynthesis
Food
Plants make their own food in their leaves. This is called photosynthesis.
Hit needs high, water, carbon dioxide, and a green chemical called
chlorophyll which is found in leaves.
Animals can't make their own
food so they eat plants and other
animals. Which animal is this?
What is it eating?
Living things respire:
They get energy from food by a
process called respiration This
usually need oxygen
Food + Oxygen -> ENERGY + Waste
water
and
carbon dioxide
Living things excrete:
All living things produce waste The removal of waste from their bodies is
called excretion.
Animals excrate through their lungs and kidneys and through their skin
when they sweat.
Living things reproduce and grow
Animals lay eggs, or have babies. Seeds from plants grow into new
plants.
Animals stop growing when they reach their adult size.
Plants store waste in old eaves,
which fall in the autumn.
Plants grow all their lives. This
giant redwood tree has been
growing for over 2000 years!
Questions
1 Name seven ways in which living things are different
from non-living things
2 Name the green stuff, and three other things plants need
to make food.
3 Name all your sense organs.
4 What is:
a respiration?
b excretion?
1.07 In and out of cells
Substances pass in and out of cells as tiny
particles called molecules, The molecules in
liquids and gases are never still. They keep
moving and bumping into each other all the
time.
You can show that molecules move by adding
a drop of ink to water. Ink spreads through the
water even though it is not stirred. Ink spreads
because ink molecules move into the spaces
between water molecules, and water
molecules move into the spaces between ink
nolecules
Movement of molecules so that they mix is
called diffusiem Molecules diffuse from where
they are plentiful to where they are less-
plentiful, in other words'molecules diffuse
down a concentration gradient, from high to
low concentration
Diffusion in and out of cells:
Human body cells need a constant supply of food and
oxygen to stay alive and do their jobs. Food and
Oxygen are carried mine blood, so they diffuse from
the blood into each cell.
As cells use food and energy, they produce carbon
dioxide waste. This must be removed before it pois
the cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into the
blood which carries it away to the lungs to be
breathed out of the body
Active transport of molecules up concentration gradients:
Plants take in minerals from soil against concentration gradients (i.e. from
low to high concentration) so that their root cells can contain more
miners than the soil water, This is the opposite of diffusion, Plants make
it happen by using energy to pull molecules into their cells which is why
it is called active transport of molecules
Osmosis:
osis is a special kind of difusion It happens when a membrane has
tiny holes in it which let water molecules pass through but stop larger
molecules like sugar. A membrane like this is called semi-permeable
This experiment shows osmosis
A semi-permeable membrane is
tied to a tubet is then filled with
Strong sugar solution.
The membrane is stood in a weak
sugar solution. Soon liquid starts
to rise up the tube
The liquid rises because water
molecules diffuse through the
membrane from the weak solution
to the strong one. But sug
molecules cannot diffuse like this
because they are too big to pass
through the membrane
When a weak solution is separated from a strong one by a semi-
permeable membrane, water abs flows from the weak solution to the
strong one. This diffusion of water is called osmosis.
Osmosis in plant cells:
Water moves from cell to cell in
plants by osmosis. The cell
membrane of a plant cell is semi-
permeable. So if a cell containing a
weak solution is next to a cell with
a stronger solution, water moves
by osmosis from the weak to the
strong solution, as shown in this
diagram.
1.02 Living things:
You are a living thing. Grass, whales, and bats are living things too.
But stones and rain are non-living things. Living things are different from
non-living things in the ways shown below.
Living things move and have senses :
Animals walk. or run. or hop, or crawl. or swim. or tlyfl'hey find their
way using sense organs. These are eyes, ears. noses. taste buds. skin. and
insect feelers called antennae.
Plants move by growing, like these
beans growing up bean poles.
They don't have sense organs but
they can still respond to things.
Roots grow down in response to
gravity, and to find water/Shoots
grow up toward light
Living things feed:
They need food for energy, growth, and repair.
Carbon dioxide
from the air
Water
from the soil
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
Photosynthesis
Food
Plants make their own food in their leaves. This is called photosynthesis.
Hit needs high, water, carbon dioxide, and a green chemical called
chlorophyll which is found in leaves.
Animals can't make their own
food so they eat plants and other
animals. Which animal is this?
What is it eating?
Living things respire:
They get energy from food by a
process called respiration This
usually need oxygen
Food + Oxygen -> ENERGY + Waste
water
and
carbon dioxide
Living things excrete:
All living things produce waste The removal of waste from their bodies is
called excretion.
Animals excrate through their lungs and kidneys and through their skin
when they sweat.
Living things reproduce and grow
Animals lay eggs, or have babies. Seeds from plants grow into new
plants.
Animals stop growing when they reach their adult size.
Plants store waste in old eaves,
which fall in the autumn.
Plants grow all their lives. This
giant redwood tree has been
growing for over 2000 years!
Questions
1 Name seven ways in which living things are different
from non-living things
2 Name the green stuff, and three other things plants need
to make food.
3 Name all your sense organs.
4 What is:
a respiration?
b excretion?
1.07 In and out of cells
Substances pass in and out of cells as tiny
particles called molecules, The molecules in
liquids and gases are never still. They keep
moving and bumping into each other all the
time.
You can show that molecules move by adding
a drop of ink to water. Ink spreads through the
water even though it is not stirred. Ink spreads
because ink molecules move into the spaces
between water molecules, and water
molecules move into the spaces between ink
nolecules
Movement of molecules so that they mix is
called diffusiem Molecules diffuse from where
they are plentiful to where they are less-
plentiful, in other words'molecules diffuse
down a concentration gradient, from high to
low concentration
Diffusion in and out of cells:
Human body cells need a constant supply of food and
oxygen to stay alive and do their jobs. Food and
Oxygen are carried mine blood, so they diffuse from
the blood into each cell.
As cells use food and energy, they produce carbon
dioxide waste. This must be removed before it pois
the cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into the
blood which carries it away to the lungs to be
breathed out of the body
Active transport of molecules up concentration gradients:
Plants take in minerals from soil against concentration gradients (i.e. from
low to high concentration) so that their root cells can contain more
miners than the soil water, This is the opposite of diffusion, Plants make
it happen by using energy to pull molecules into their cells which is why
it is called active transport of molecules
Osmosis:
osis is a special kind of difusion It happens when a membrane has
tiny holes in it which let water molecules pass through but stop larger
molecules like sugar. A membrane like this is called semi-permeable
This experiment shows osmosis
A semi-permeable membrane is
tied to a tubet is then filled with
Strong sugar solution.
The membrane is stood in a weak
sugar solution. Soon liquid starts
to rise up the tube
The liquid rises because water
molecules diffuse through the
membrane from the weak solution
to the strong one. But sug
molecules cannot diffuse like this
because they are too big to pass
through the membrane
When a weak solution is separated from a strong one by a semi-
permeable membrane, water abs flows from the weak solution to the
strong one. This diffusion of water is called osmosis.
Osmosis in plant cells:
Water moves from cell to cell in
plants by osmosis. The cell
membrane of a plant cell is semi-
permeable. So if a cell containing a
weak solution is next to a cell with
a stronger solution, water moves
by osmosis from the weak to the
strong solution, as shown in this
diagram.
