bones anatomy
bones
cranial bones
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid
primary role - to contain and protect the brain
sutures of the skull
coronal: frontal and parietal
sagittal: two parietal bones
lambdoidal: parietal and occipital
squamosal : temporal and parietal
The nasal cavity - medial view
ethmoid bone
Vomer
sphenoid bone
frontal bone
maxillary bone
cartilage
skull continued
bones: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, zygomatic,sphenoid,ethmoid,maxilla
external occipital protuberance
mastoid process
zygomatic process
inferior view of skull
Foramen magnum
occipital condyles
carotid canal
jugular foramen
mandibular fossa
external occipital protuberance
internal floor of the skull (cranium)
anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa
lesser and greater - wings of the sphenoid bone
mandible
body
ramus
angle
condylar process
coronoid process
vertebral column
cervical: 7
thoracic: 12
lumbar: 5
sacrum: 5
coccyx: 5-3
typical vertebrae
vertebral body
vertebral arch
vertebral foramen
pedicle
lamina
transverse process
superior and inferior vertebral notches
spinous process
sacrum and coccyx
apex
base
sacral verve
auricular surface
sacral canal
median sacral crest
superior articular processes of the base
ribs
head
neck
tubercle
body (shaft)
angle
costal groove
true ribs - 1-7
false ribs - 8-12
floating ribs - 11 and 12
sternum
manubrium/sternum
body
xiphoid process
clavicular notches
costal notches
clavical
acromial end and facet
sternal end and facet
superior surface
inferior surface
scapula
supraspinoous fossa
spine
infra spinous fossa
coracoid process
humerous
head
anatomical neck
surgical neck
body
greater and lesser tubercles
capitulum
trochlea
medial and lateral epicondyles
olecranon, radial and coronoid fossa
Ulna
olecranon and coronoid processes
trochlear and radial notches
ulnar tuberosity
interosseous bone borders
head
ulnar styloid process
articular circumference
Radius
head
neck
radial tuberosity
articular fovea
circumference
interosseous border
radial styloid process
ulnar notch
carpal articular surface
Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
8 carpal bones
distal row including the hamate
proximal row including the scaphoid
5 metacarpal bones
head
body
base
14 phalanges
proximal
middle (fingers 2-5)
distal
pelvic - girdle
pelvis
Greater pelvis
lesser pelvis
pelvic brim
acetabulum
obturator foramen
subpubic Angle
ishium
illium
pubis
ischium
ischial spine
body
ischial tuberosity
ramus of the ischium
pubis
superior and inferior pubic rami
body of pubis
symphyseal surface of pubis
Illium
iliac crest
iliac fossa
anterior superior lilac spine
anterior inferior illiac spine
posterior superior illiac spine
posterior inferior illiac spine
gluteal surface
greater and lesser sciatic notches
femur
head
fovea
neck
greater and lesser trochanters
gluteal tuberosity
popliteal surface
lateral and medial epicondyles
lateral and medial condyles
intercondylar fossa
patellar surface
tibia
medial and lateral condyles
superior articular Surfaces
intercondylar eminences
tibial tuberosity
fibulae articular surface
interosseus border
Soleal line
medial malleolus
fibulae notch
inferior articular surface
fibular
heads
bodu
lateral malleus
patella
anterior surface
articular surface
base
apex
tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
7 tarsals - talus and calcanues
5 metatarsals
head
body
base
14 phalanges
proximal
middle (not in halluxs)
distal
5 broad functions of bones
support for soft tissues and organs - spine
protection (brain and spinal cord) - skull
movement (joints and leverage points) - femur
storage - bones, blood cell production
blood cell production (Haemopoiesis) - spine, hips, skull, breastbone
Mineral and fat storage: 1-2kg calcium salts, energy (fat) in yellow marrow.
classifications of bones
long bones - femur
short bones - carpals
flat bones - sternum
irregular bones - vertebrae
sesamoid bones - patella
Bone structure
diaphysis (shaft)
epiphyses (ends)
articular cartilage
periosteum
endostruem
bone growth and development
osteogenesis (os = bone, genesis = beginning)
two methods:
Endochondral ossification: embryonic skeleton <8wks = cartlidge
bone develops by replacing hyaline cartlidge
continues throughout childhood to adolescence: epuphyseal plate is hyaline cartlidge between diaphysis and epiphysis, site of growth.
Inter membranous ossification: cranial bones of skull (frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal bones) AND clavicle from via this mechanism
starts as membrane of fibourous connective tissue
osteoblasts form from early embryologoical tissues, initiate bone production
flat bones ie skull, facial bones
bones remodel
5-7% of our bone mass is recycled each week
spongy bone replaced every 3-4 years
bone deposition: occurs where bone is injured or strength is needed
osteoblasts make osteiod gel that is calcified by minerals
Bone resorption: osteoclasts move along bone surface, digging grooves as degrade bone ( using enzymes + acids)
components of degration are recycled into bloodstream (eg can be source of calcium into body)
Hormonal controls: calcium homeostasis in the blood
imbalance can trigger addition or removal of calcium from stores (bone) into blood stream via parathyroid hormone
response to mechanical stress: muscle pull and gravity
remodelling under these circumstances keeps bone strong where stressors exert force.
Wolffs law: bone can grow or remodel in response to mechanical stresses (demands) placed on it.
Bones 2 main components
collagen fibres
calcium salts
bone structure
compact bones: dense external layer
spongy bone: internal to compact bone
osteon
central canal: core of each osteon