Untitled Flashcards Set

CHAPTER 1

Reviewer for Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Drawing

 Timeline of Computer-Aided Design (CAD):

l 1960s: Birth of CAD with Sketchpad by Ivan Sutherland.

l  1960: Ivan Sutherland and David Evans create the first graphical user interface (GUI) program called Sketchpad, considered one of the earliest CAD programs.

l  1963: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) develops DAC-1 (Design Augmented by Computer), one of the first interactive graphics systems for design.

l 1970s: Commercial CAD programs like ADAM and the introduction of AutoCAD.

l 1970: Patrick J. Hanratty develops ADAM (Automated Drafting and Machining), one of the first commercial CAD programs.

l 1973: The term "Computer-Aided Design" is coined by Douglas T. Ross.

l  1977: Autodesk, founded by John Walker, develops AutoCAD, a widely used CAD software.

l 1980s: Rise of parametric, feature-based CAD software (e.g., Pro/ENGINEER, CATIA- Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application).

l 1982: PTC(Parametric Technology Corporation's) releases Pro/ENGINEER, the first parametric, feature-based CAD software.

l 1986: Dassault Systèmes introduces CATIA, a 3D CAD and PLM software.

l  1987: Autodesk releases AutoCAD 2.5, the first version for IBM PCs,significantly expanding its user base.

l 1990s: Increasing user-friendliness; CAD associated with architectural training.

l 1995: Siemens PLM Software releases Unigraphics NX, a comprehensive CAD/CAM/CAE software.

l  1997: SolidWorks, founded by Jon Hirschtick, releases its first 3D CAD software.

l 2000s: Enhanced automation and efficiency; parametric drawing introduced.

l  2007: Autodesk releases AutoCAD 2008, introducing parametric drawing.

l 2009: Dassault Systèmes launches SolidWorks 2010, integrating 3D CAD, simulation, and product data management.

l 2010s: Expansion of cloud-based CAD (e.g., AutoCAD for Mac, Fusion 360).

l 2010: AutoCAD for Mac is released, expanding CAD accessibility to Apple users.

l 2012: Autodesk launches Fusion 360, a cloud-based 3D CAD, CAM, and CAE platform.

l 2017: Onshape, the first fully cloud-based professional 3D CAD system, is released

l 2020s: Advancements in AI and real-time collaboration in CAD applications.

l 2021: Continued advancements in cloudbased CAD systems, AI-powered design assistance, and real-time collaboration reshape the landscape of Computer-Aided Drawing.

6D’s:

A.3D-(Visualization)Represent the building in 3D

B.4D-(Time)Facilitate Programming

C.5D-(Cost)Help calculate and adjust the budget

D.6D-(Operation)Concerns facilities management

E.7D-(Sustainability) Provide environmental and energy efficiency solution

F.8D-(Safety)Embed emergency plans and prevent security issues

The concept of parametric design, popularly known as BIM (Building Information

Modeling) has been in development since the 1970’s. The adoption of BIM has progressed since

2007 and in January 2019 the international standard ISO 19650 was launched to standardized the

parametric standards for BIM. Therefore, it has gone beyond 3D and ventured into the areas of

time, cost, operations, durability and safety.

CAD and its Importance

The importance of CAD is shown in its rapid growth as an indispensable tool in various technology and industries. Its importance is always at the core of an individual CAD program ongoing research and development aimed at further enhancing design capabilities and user experience. CAD has become a vital tool for professionals across a multitude of industries, shaping the products and infrastructure of the future as a cornerstone of modern engineering, architecture, product design, and various other fields

Importance of CAD:

1. Precision and Accuracy: Reduces errors in design through precise measurements.

CAD software allows for precise and accurate drafting. Measurements can be extremely accurate, reducing errors that are common in manual drafting. This precision is crucial in fields where exact specifications are paramount, such as aerospace and engineering

2.Speed and Efficiency: Accelerates design processes and reduces time-to-market.

CAD significantly speeds up the design process. Design iterations that would take weeks in manual drafting can now be done in a matter of hours or even minutes. This rapid prototyping ability accelerates product development and time-tomarket for businesses.

3. Visualization and Simulation: Enables 3D modeling and simulation for product performance analysis.

CAD enables 3D modeling, allowing designers to visualize their creations in a realistic manner. Moreover, it facilitates simulations and analyses, predicting how the designed product will behave under different conditions (such as stress, heat, or fluid flow). This capability is vital in engineering, where understanding the performance of a product before production is critical.

4. Collaboration and Remote Work: Facilitates teamwork across various locations.

. CAD software often operates on the cloud, enabling real-time collaboration among team members regardless of their location. Engineers, designers, and stakeholders can collaborate seamlessly, fostering teamwork and allowing experts from diverse fields to contribute to a project.

5. Cost-Effectiveness: Identifies flaws in the design phase to prevent expensive errors.

While initial investments in CAD software and training might seem significant, in the long run, CAD systems save money. By identifying flaws and problems in the design phase (when they are cheaper to fix), CAD prevents costly errors during the manufacturing or construction phase.

6. Documentation and Database Management: Creates digital records for easier access and modification.

CAD systems create digital databases of designs, making it easier to store, retrieve, and modify designs. This digital documentation is essential for future modifications, analysis, or reproductions of existing designs.

7. Customization and Innovation: Allows flexible design modifications and innovative strategies.

CAD allows for easy customization and modification of designs, fostering innovation. Designers can experiment with different ideas quickly, encouraging creative solutions and novel concepts.

8. Environmental Impact: Supports sustainable design practices.

CAD facilitates the development of sustainable designs. Engineers can simulate the environmental impact of a product, optimizing it for energy efficiency and eco-friendliness, thus contributing to the global push for sustainable practices.

9. Time-saving: Provides tools for quicker design finalization.

The use of CAD software helps in saving time and completing designs

quickly due to the various tools offered for design and simulation.

10. Integration with Other Systems: Links CAD with other systems like CAM for streamlined workflows.

CAD systems can be integrated with other systems like CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) to create a seamless workflow from design to production.

 AutoCAD in Industrial Technology Context:

AutoCAD is computer-aided design (CAD)

Industry Standard Tool- Widely used by architects, engineers, and construction professionals.

Practical Skills Development- Offers hands-on knowledge essential for technical-vocational education.

Job Readines-  Prepares students for employment with relevant skills.

Collaborative Learning-  Encourages teamwork through shared projects and designs.

 Basic Desktop Computer Set-up for AutoCAD:

System Unit: Contains core components like CPU, RAM, and GPU.

Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, scanners, and other devices for data entry.

Output Devices: Monitors, printers, and speakers for result presentation.

Operating System-  Software managing hardware and applications (e.g., Windows, macOS).

Applications- Specific software for tasks; AutoCAD is a primary focus.

Electrical Protective Devices: Safeguards against power surges and outages (AVR, UPS).

Here are some of the added advantages of using AutoCAD aside from being proficient in

manual drawing:

1. Skill Development. Industrial technology and technical-vocational courses aim

to equip students both in manual and digital practical skills relevant to the industry. AutoCAD prepares the students for real-world applications through the

emersion with the concepts of 2D and 3D models, an essential skill in their

respective industries.

2. Enhanced Blueprint Reading. AutoCAD enhances the students’ understanding

on technical drawing, blueprints and complex industrial schematics, a

fundamental skill in many industrial and technical professions.

3. Prototyping and Project Visualization. Many industrial and technical

professions often work on detailed projects and prototypes to be visualized in

AutoCAD 2D and 3D. The visualization component is an invaluable for

understanding the feasibility and practicality of the proposed designs. AutoCAD

helps in refining design ideas before actual construction or assembly.

4. Collaborative Learning. Experiencing design collaboration and simulation of

real-world teamwork scenarios are must for the students of industrial technology

and technical-vocational courses, a preparation where professionals often work

Together on complex projects in the industrial sector.

5. Industry-Relevant Projects. TVET programs and industrial technology courses

often involve industry-relevant projects to simulate real-world applications during

training. AutoCAD, a household name for every industry, enables students to

directly work on designing machine components, creating electrical schematics, or

planning manufacturing layouts.

6. Job Readiness. AutoCAD proficiency enhances students’ employability through

job readiness and competitiveness in the job market.

7. Customization and Specialization. AutoCAD training can be tailored to a

technical-vocational education specific to industries allowing trainers and

educators to focus on learning the features and tools most relevant to students’

intended careers. Thus, ensuring students’ skills align with industry demands.

 AutoCAD Basic Set-Up:

Application Philosophy- Design and drafting tool.

User Interface- Icon-based, organized into workspaces for 2D/3D tasks.

Model and Layout Spaces- Differentiated drawing environments for design and printing.

File Management-  Familiarity with .dwg files and export options.

 User Interaction in AutoCAD:

Mouse Functions: Click, double-click, right-click, pan, zoom.

Keyboard Shortcuts: ESC, DEL, ENTER for exiting, deleting, and confirming actions.

 Drawing Environment Setup:

User Preferences and Variables: Customize settings for efficient drawing.

Layer Management: Organize designs by assigning layers for easy visual management.

 Saving CAD Files:

Shortcut Methods: CTRL+S for quick saving and menu options for file management.

AutoCAD Basic Set-up

AutoCAD 2017 will be used in the illustration of the user interface and throughout the

demonstration of the handbook. Nevertheless, the AutoCAD 2017 window should be not be any different from the higher versions of AutoCAD.

The user should be familiarized of what AutoCAD is, such as:

1. AutoCAD's philosophy is to use the application as both a design tool and a

drafting tool.

2. AutoCAD is an “icon-based” environment with grouped toolbars.

a. There are workspaces designed to work either in 2D and or 3D.

3. The AutoCAD window is divided into a graphical and text screen (using the

command line).

4. AutoCAD’s native file format extension is .dwg but can be exported to different

file formats. It can also import certain file formats from other CAD applications.

5. There are two “spaces” where designs are drawn and prepared for reproduction:

a. designs are drawn in “model space” (true scale); and

b. the same designs are arranged and scaled in “layout/paper space” (to

scale).

c. “DRAW IN THE MODEL, PRINT IN THE LAYOUT”.

6. A template is always used to start a new AutoCAD file.

7. User input is basically through a mouse and keyboard

C. Fundamentals of Basic User Interface Components for 2D Application.

19. The Application Button (the “A” icon).

i. Clicking on this opens an option to create a new drawing based from a template; open an existing drawing; save, print, or export drawings; and other common options.

20. The Quick Access Toolbar

i. It contains most of the frequently used tools such as open, save, plot, layer, workspace, sheet set manager, properties, and the menu bar.

21. The Ribbon Area

i. It contains all the tools and commands properly arranged into different tabs and panels in a meaningful order.

22. The File Tabs

i. It shows what drawing files that are open in the current session.

ii. Clicking on the + icon opens any new blank drawing.

iii. Clicking on the X icon closes a drawing.

iv. Clicking any tab opens a current drawing in a session. You can open as many file tabs as you want.

23. The Cursor

i. By default (when there is no selected object or active command), it is

basically two perpendicular lines with a small cube at the center of the

intersection of the lines. There are three most basic cursor modes: 

.The Default cursor when none of the commands are active or

an object selected. An Active cursor when a command is activated or in-progress

and it needs you need to select a precise point or finish the command.

The Object Selection cursor when a command is activated or inprogress where object selection is required.

Note: Simply press the Esc key (once or multiple times) on your keyboard if you want

to return to the default state of the cursor.

24. The User Coordinate System (UCS)

i. Usually at the bottom-left corner of the screen showing the X, Y, and Z

axes of the Cartesian coordinate system of the current viewing plane.

ii. 0,0 is the coordinate point of origin of the intersection of the X and Y

axes in this UCS.

25. The Model and Layout Tab

i. This is essential in the reproduction of drawings. The drawings are all

made in the model tab (model space) typically scaled 1:1 then use the

layout tabs (paper space) to place or arranged the drawings separately on

different sheets or the same sheet. By default, the Model tab is always

active when opening a new drawing.

26. The Status Bar Toggles

i. The tools in the status bar help in making precise drawings. Activating

and deactivating any toggles on the status bar can be done by clicking on

them once. Function key shortcuts are also assigned for each toggle.

a) Object Snap, helps to select precise points. (Command: OSNAP, Fn Key: F3)

b) Ortho Mode, helps to make lines horizontal and vertical lines. (Command:ORTHOMODE, Fn Key: F8)

c) Polar mode helps to make lines that are inclined at any angle (Command: POLARMODE, Fn Key: F10)

d) At all times, all other toggles must be turned off. Only the Object

Snap, Ortho Mode and sparingly Polar mode must be used.

Default Workspaces

In AutoCAD, a workspace is a predefined arrangement of menus, toolbars, palettes, and other interface elements for specific tasks or workflows. Either working in 2D or 3D task, the AutoCAD window interface is optimized for specific activities. A workspace can be switch anytime to streamline the workflow and access relevant tools efficiently for each specific task

There are 3 default (predefined) workspaces in AutoCAD:

1. Drafting and Annotation;

2. 3D Basics; and

3. 3D Modeling

CHAPTER 2

 Reviewer for Chapter 2: CAD 2-Dimensional Drawing Fundamentals

User Coordinate System (UCS):

Axes :

l  X-axis (horizontal)

l   Y-axis (vertical)

Quadrants

l Quadrant 1: (+X, +Y)

l Quadrant 2: (-X, +Y)

l Quadrant 3: (-X, -Y)

l Quadrant 4: (+X, -Y)

l Origin: Coordinate (0,0) is the intersection of X and Y axes.

 Activating Current Layer

Set Current Layer: Use "LINE-OBJECT" layer.

Activate Layer:

Option 1: Through Layer Properties Manager

Option 2: Through Layer Toolbar Panel

Object Selection in AutoCAD:

Selection Methods:

  1. Direction Selection -This method is simply clicking on the objects, one by one

  2. Window Selection-• This method is simply clicking first on the left side of the objects and second to the right side of the objects creating a blue (default) rectangle with continuous outline called a “window”.

• Whatever objects is within the boundary of the blue rectangular region, those objects

are selected. Anything partially within the blue rectangular region is excluded from

the selection.

• Individual object rectangular window selection can be done also. Window selection

one object, move the cursor, and window selection again.

• Click+hold+drag method can used but it should follow to start first from the left

side of the objects going to the right until all objects are within the boundary of the

blue region. This is called a lasso window selection.

• The blue boundary region of lasso selection works the same with the blue rectangular region.

  3. Crossing Selection-This method is simply clicking first on the right side of the objects and second to the left side of the objects creating a green (default) rectangle with dashed outline called a “crossing”.

• Whatever objects is touched with the boundary of the green rectangular region, those objects are selected.

• Individual object rectangular crossing selection can be done also. Cross selection one object, move the cursor, and cross selection again.

• Click+hold+drag method can used but it should follow to start first from the right

side going to the left until all objects are touched by the boundary of the green region. This is called a lasso crossing selection

• The green boundary region of lasso selection works the same with the green rectangular region.

Basic Principles:

  - Highlight selected objects.

  - Use Shift to exclude objects from selection.

  - Use ESC to undo selection.

 Draw and Modify Tools:

Methods to Access Tools:

  1. Command Line

  2. Drop-down Toolbars

  3. Draw and Modify Toolbars

Keyboard Shortcuts:

l Draw Commands:

PL (Polyline)

 C (Circle

 REC (Rectangle)

POL (Polygon)

l Modify Commands:

 M (Move)

CP (Copy)

O (Offset)

EX (Extend)

TR (Trim)

F(Fillet)

RO (Rotate)

MI (Mirror)

S (Stretch)

LI(LIST)

Coordinate Methods in AutoCAD:

l Absolute Cartesian (X,Y): Coordinates are relative to the origin.

l Relative Cartesian (@X,Y): Coordinates are relative to the last specified point.

l Absolute Polar (Distance<Angle): Measured from UCS origin.

l Relative Polar (@Distance<Angle): Based on the last specified point.

 Core Draw Commands:

Polyline: Command PL for drawing polylines.

Circle: Command C for circles; specify radius or diameter.

Rectangle: Command REC for rectangles; set dimensions.

Polygon: Command POL to create polygons; specify sides and options.

 Inquiry & View Commands:

1. Zoom: Command Z with options A (All) or E (Extents).

2. Pan: Command P to move the view.

3. List: Command LI to display properties of objects.

4. Distance: Command DI to measure distances between points.

 Core Modify Commands:

Move, Copy, Offset, Extend, Trim, Fillet, Rotate, Mirror,Stretch

Erase and Undo: Use command E or the DELETE key for erasing; U for undoing actions.

 Suggested Exercises:

1. Create an A4 size rectangle.

2. Draw a 20 mm border offset from the edges.

3. Divide the interior space into four equal parts and create unique patterns.

4. Use only the "Line-Object" layer.

5. Save the file as "My Pattern".

 CHAPTER 4

 Reviewer for Chapter 4: 2D Isometric Drawing

Isometric Drawing Overview:

A visual representation showing an object's three dimensions: length, width, and depth in a 3D appearance, although drawn in two planes.

Orthographic Drawing:

an orthographic view drawing which an object can be viewed in

2 dimensions, in any two combinations,

Difference from Orthographic View: Isometric drawing provides a clearer understanding of the object's design than traditional 2D orthographic views.

Angles:

l   Horizontal lines at 30º from the X-axis.

l   Vertical lines set to 90ºfrom the X-axis.

Isometric Cube:

 A view cube constructed to establish the object's dimensions (length, width, height).

-Dimensions for Example:

l    Length: 259

l    Width: 225

l   Height: 229

 Preparation Steps in AutoCAD for Isometric Drawing:

1. Layer Management:

   - Lock all layers except layer 0 (the current layer).

   - Make layer 0 current.

2. Activate Drawing Controls:

   - Turn on ORTHO, OSNAP, and LWDISPLAY.

3. Drawing Steps:

   - Use the PL (Polyline) command to construct the isometric cube, ensuring correct angles (+30° for rightward, -30° for leftward).

 Drawing Isometric Lines:

-Preparation:

  - Lock layer 0 and unlock the ISOlines layer.

  - Change ISOlines layer line weight to 0.50.

  - Ensure ISODRAFT is on to toggle between isoplanes using F5

Drawing Lines:

  1. Draw bases and sides using PL and maintain the use of isoplanes (isoplane Right or Left).

  2. Use vertical lines to connect endpoints and complete the cube shape.

  3. Utilize mathematical calculations for correct line placements and connections.

 Drawing Isometric Circles:

Circle Drawing:

  - Circles are represented as ellipses in isometric view.

  - Utilize the EL command for ellipses, choosing the Isocircleoption.

- Steps:

  1. Establish center points by drawing guiding lines.

  2. Use the CP(Copy) command to position center points for circles.

  3. Complete the isocircles' outlines by applying the correct radius.

 Finalizing Isometric Drawings:

Trimming: Use the TRIM command to remove unnecessary lines and clean up the drawing.

Vertical Lines: Add vertical lines to complete edges and refine the final shapes.

Shading and Hatch Application:

  - Use H to access hatch tools for applying shades, gradients, or patterns. Use Pick Points or Select Object methods.

  - Manage color settings for graphical output to maintain visual consistency.

CHAPTER 5

 Reviewer for Chapter 5: 2D Drawing Annotation

CAD Annotation Overview:

Purpose: Adding dimensions and notes to technical drawings for clear presentation.

Text Style: Use single-stroke vertical uppercase Gothic lettering.

Letter Heights in Manual Drawing:

l   - 3 mm for general lettering

l   - 5 mm for titles or subtitles

l   - 7 mm for headings or main titles

CAD Standards: BS EN ISO 3098-0:1998 specifies 8 nominal letter heights in mm: 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, 7.0, 10, 14, and 20 mm.

A-Series Paper Sizes and Recommended Letter Heights:

| Paper Size | General Notes (mm) | Titles (mm) | Headings (mm) |

|------------|---------------------|--------------|----------------|

| A0         | 3.5                 | 5            | 7              |

| A1         | 2.5                 | 3.5          | 5              |

| A2         | 2.5                 | 3.5          | 5              |

| A3         | 2.5                 | 3.5          | 5              |

| A4         | 1.8                 | 2.5          | 3.5            |

Principle: Text should remain legible when printed on smaller paper sizes.

Drawing Units and Scale:

Setup: Ensure collaboration between drawing target units, annotation units, and drawing scale.

A. Model Space: Draw objects in true units.

B. Layout Space: Arrange and resize objects to print to scale.

Types of Annotations:

A.Model Annotations: Created and placed in the model space.

B.Layout Annotations: Created and placed in the layout space.

Text Styles

 Settings controlling properties such as font type, height, line spacing, alignment, and color.

Rules:

l    All drawings contain a STANDARD text style.

l   Changes to any Text Style apply to all texts using that style.

l   Properties can be changed or overridden individually.

 Dimension Styles:

Settings controlling the appearance of dimensions (arrowhead style, line weight, text style, etc.).

-Rules:

l    All drawings contain ISO-25 or STANDARD Dimension styles.

l   Changes to any Dimension Style apply to all dimensions using that style.

l    Properties can be changed or overridden individually.

Annotation Setup:

l Distance and Bearings: Use meters for lot plan technical descriptions.

l Text Style Examples:

l  ANNO-TB (Titleblock, Layout): Different heights for titles and descriptions.

l   ANNO-TEXT (Model): Vary heights for different scales.

Steps to Set Up Text Styles:

1. Access Text Style dialog (type STYLE or click the Annotation Properties icon).

2. Create a new style (e.g., ANNO-TB-LOT-2.5).

3. Set Font Name: ISOCPEUR, Font Style: Regular, Height: 0.0025 (in meters).

4. Create additional text styles for different scales and purposes.

 Dimensioning:

l Fundamentals: Follow principles for clear presentation.

l Avoid decimals for millimeter dimensions.

l Maintain uniform linetypes and lineweights for dimension and extension lines.

l Keep dimensions outside the views and avoid crossing dimensions.

Common Dimensioning Commands:

1. DLI: Dimension Linear

2. DCO: Dimension Continue

3. DRA: Dimension Radius

4. DDI: Dimension Diameter

5. DAN: Dimension Angle

6. LE: Leader and Text

Performing Dimensioning Commands:

- DLI:

  1. Type DLI → Enter.

  2. Click to define corners and place the dimension.

- DCO: Used to align dimensions with existing ones.

- DRA and  DDI: For radius and diameter dimensions.

Additional Notes:

- Use the Properties Window to override arrowheads for radius and diameter dimensions.

- Save work regularly and finalize annotations before completion.

Orthographic Drawing Annotation

Millimeter is the widely used and industry standard of dimensioning technical drawings. It is therefore imperative to set-up drawing text and dimension styles in millimeters. Therefore, the text in the model space to be used in a particular scale shall be multiplied by 2.5mm to synchronize the font height in the Layout and in Drawing Plot Scale.

CHAPTER 6

 Reviewer for Chapter 6: Printing 2D Drawing

 Printing from Layout (Paper) Space:

Principle: "Draw in the model, print in the layout."

Units: Set insertion scale to unitless for source units; target drawing units can be in meters or millimeters.

Recommended Steps for Printing:

1. Prepare Starting Layers: Create necessary layers as the drawing progresses.

2. Draw in Model Space: Create objects to be printed.

3. Model Annotations: Add and adjust model annotations as needed.

4. Title Block in Layout Space:

   - Draw title block with layout annotations.

5. Viewports in Layout Space:

   - Arrange and control layer visibility.

   - Set the model drawings to a desired scale.

6. Lock the Viewport: After achieving the desired scale; set the viewport layer to non-plot.

7. Print Setup: Set parameters including output device, paper size, drawing area, output scale, and drawing orientation.

8. Print Styles:

   - Use monochrome.ctb or black and white output.

   - Use  acad.ctb for colored printing.

9. Output Options: Save print output as PDF or physical print.

Creating a Title Block for Target Drawing Unit in Meter:

1. Open File: Use DistanceBearings.dwg in layout space (A3 size).

2. Clean Layout: Delete any existing objects.

3. Layer Setup:

   - Use layers: PAPERfor paper outline, TB for title block, VPORTS for viewport.

4. Draw Paper Size: Create a rectangle (A3 size: 0.420m x 0.297m).

5. Offset for Title Block: Offset the drawn rectangle by 0.015m inwards.

6. Lock Layers: Lock PAPER** and TB layers after creation.

7. Create the Title Block: Follow reference images for details, including setting lineweight.

8. Create Viewport: Define viewport size and ensure it's set to the active model configuration.

9. Set Scale for Viewport: Assign a scale of 1:200 and position the drawing appropriately.

10. Lock Viewport: Click the padlock icon to secure the viewport settings.

 Annotating the Title Block:

- Use Appropriate Text Styles: Employ styles like ANNO-TB-LOT-2.5, ANNO-TB-LOT-5, and ANNO-TB-LOT-7for adding text.

- Lock Unused Layers: Optionally lock other layers for clarity during annotation.

Creating Title Block for Target Drawing Unit in Millimeter:

1. Open CAD 2D ORTHO.dwg in layout space (A4 size).

2. Use 0 Layer: Create A4 paper outline (297mm x 210mm).

3. Layer Utilization: Use TB for title blocks and VPORTS for viewports.

4. Apply Scale of 1:5 for Viewports: Lock each viewport, adjusting positioning as needed.

5. Annotate Using Appropriate Text Styles: Use ANNO-TB-3, ANNO-TB-5, and ANNO-TB-7 for the title block.

Print Set-Up:

1. Access Print Menu: Use CTRL + P, or select print icon from the menu.

2. Select Settings: Choose printer, paper size, and select "Window" for specific print area.

3. Plot Parameters: Set parameters like scaling (1:1), color output, and orientation.

4. Preview: Always check settings with the print preview before finalizing.

 determined scale and print using monochrome.ctb.