Chapter 1 ppt

Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body

Introduction

• Purpose of the Chapter:

  • Introduce anatomy and physiology.

  • Discuss human body organization.

  • Reveal shared properties of living things.

  • Discuss homeostasis.

Anatomy and Physiology Defined

• Anatomy:

  • The science of body structures and relationships.

  • First studied through dissection and imaging techniques.

• Physiology:

  • The science of body functions.

Subspecialties of Anatomy and Physiology

Subspecialties of Anatomy

• Embryology: Study of development from fertilization to eight weeks.

• Developmental Biology: Complete development from fertilization to death.

• Cell Biology: Study of cellular structure and functions.

• Histology: Microscopic study of tissues.

• Surface Anatomy: Visualizing internal anatomy through external marks.

• Gross Anatomy: Structures examined without a microscope.

• Systemic Anatomy: Structure of specific body systems.

• Regional Anatomy: Focus on specific regions of the body.

• Radiographic Anatomy: Visualization of structures using x-rays.

• Pathological Anatomy: Structural changes associated with disease.

Subspecialties of Physiology

• Neurophysiology: Study of nerve cell functions.

• Endocrinology: Hormonal control of body functions.

• Cardiovascular Physiology: Functions of the heart and blood vessels.

• Immunology: Body defenses against diseases.

• Respiratory Physiology: Functions of air passages and lungs.

• Renal Physiology: Functions of kidneys.

• Exercise Physiology: Changes due to muscular activity.

• Pathophysiology: Functional changes due to disease or aging.

Structure and Function

• Structure and function are closely related.

  • Example 1: Skull bones protect the brain.

  • Example 2: Finger bones allow movement.

  • Example 3: Lung air sacs facilitate oxygen movement.

Six Levels of Structural Organization

1. Chemical Level: Atoms (C, H, O, N, P) and molecules (e.g., DNA).

2. Cellular Level: Cells as basic structural units, ~200 types (muscle, nerve, etc.).

3. Tissue Level: Groups of cells; four main types:

• Epithelial: Covers surfaces, lines organs.

• Connective: Supports and protects organs.

• Muscular: Facilitates movement.

• Nervous: Transmits impulses.

4. Organ Level: Two or more tissue types, e.g., heart or stomach.

5. System Level: Related organs, e.g., digestive system.

6. Organismal Level: All body parts function together.

Characteristics of Living Human Organism

• Basic Life Processes:

  • Metabolism: Catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (building).

  • Responsiveness: Detecting and responding to changes.

  • Movement: Motion of body and its parts.

  • Growth: Increase in size.

  • Differentiation: Specialization of cells.

  • Reproduction: Formation of new cells or organisms.

Homeostasis

• Definition: Equilibrium in the body’s internal environment through regulatory processes.

  • Example: Blood glucose levels (70-110 mg/dL).

Body Fluids in Homeostasis

• Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid within cells.

• Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells, varies in location:

  • Blood Plasma: Found in vessels.

  • Lymph: Found in lymphatic vessels.

  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Surrounds the brain.

  • Synovial Fluid: Lubricates joints.

Control of Homeostasis

• Two main systems:

  1. Nervous System: Fast responses through nerve impulses.

  2. Endocrine System: Slower responses through hormone secretion.

Feedback Systems

• Types:

  • Negative Feedback: Reverses changes (e.g., blood pressure regulation).

  • Positive Feedback: Reinforces changes (e.g., childbirth).

Medical Terminology and Conditions

• Epidemiology: Study of disease occurrence and transmission.

• Pharmacology: Effects and uses of drugs.

• Geriatrics: Medical care for the elderly.

• Pathology: Causes and effects of diseases.

Clinical Connection: Diagnosis of Disease

• Involves signs, symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests.

Conclusion

• An autopsy determines cause of death and may identify diseases or injuries during life.