apes final review

7. Factors Determining Terrestrial Biomes

• Climate: Temperature and precipitation

• Latitude: Affects solar energy and temperature

• Altitude: Higher altitudes are cooler

• Soil Type: Influences vegetation growth

• Seasons: Determine plant and animal adaptations

8. Terrestrial Biomes Characteristics

• Tundra: Cold, dry; permafrost; mosses, lichens (Arctic)

• Boreal Forest/Taiga: Cold winters, moderate rain; conifers (Canada, Russia)

• Temperate Rainforest: Mild, very wet; conifers, ferns (Pacific NW, Chile)

• Temperate Seasonal Forest: Moderate rain, cold winters; deciduous trees (Eastern US, Europe)

• Chaparral: Hot, dry summers; shrubs (Mediterranean, California)

• Temperate Grassland: Dry, cold winters; grasses (Midwest US, Eurasia)

• Tropical Rainforest: Warm, wet year-round; high biodiversity (Amazon, Congo)

• Savanna: Warm, seasonal rain; grasses, scattered trees (Africa)

• Subtropical Desert: Hot, dry; cacti, succulents (Sahara, Arabian Desert)

9. Safe Drinking Water Act

A U.S. law that ensures safe drinking water by setting health standards for water contaminants and overseeing water suppliers.

10. Aquatic Biomes Characteristics

Marine:

• Salt Marsh: Coastal, nutrient-rich; grasses (Eastern US)

• Estuaries: Fresh-saltwater mix; fish nurseries (Chesapeake Bay)

• Mangrove Swamps: Tropical, protect coasts (SE Asia)

• Intertidal Zone: Coastal, tidal fluctuations; crabs, mussels

• Coral Reefs: Warm, shallow seas; biodiverse (Great Barrier Reef)

• Open Ocean: Deep, vast; whales, tuna

Freshwater:

• Lakes and Ponds: Still water; fish, algae (Great Lakes)

• Inland Wetlands: Swamps, marshes; flood control (Everglades)

• Rivers/Streams/Creeks: Flowing water; trout, amphibians

11. Energy and Matter in Ecosystems

Energy flows through trophic levels (producers → consumers → decomposers), while matter cycles (water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) through ecosystems.

12. Biogeochemical Cycles

Nitrogen Cycle: Fixation → Nitrification → Assimilation → Ammonification → Denitrification

Water Cycle: Evaporation → Condensation → Precipitation → Runoff/Infiltration

Phosphorus Cycle: Weathering → Absorption by Plants → Decomposition → Sedimentation

Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis → Respiration → Combustion → Storage

13. Reservoirs/Sinks

• Nitrogen: Atmosphere

• Carbon: Oceans, forests, fossil fuels

• Water: Oceans, glaciers

• Phosphorus: Rocks, ocean sediments

20. Primary Productivity (GPP/NPP)

• Gross Primary Productivity (GPP): Total energy captured by producers

• Net Primary Productivity (NPP): GPP minus energy used by producers for respiration

21. Succession

• Primary Succession: Starts on bare rock (volcanic islands)

• Secondary Succession: Follows disturbance but retains soil (forest fire)

22. Succession Species Stages

• Primary Succession: Lichens, mosses → grasses → shrubs → trees

• Secondary Succession: Grasses → shrubs → trees

31. Ecological Tolerance

The range of environmental conditions a species can survive in, including temperature, salinity, and pH.

37. r-Strategists vs. K-Strategists

• r-Strategists: Many offspring, little care (mice, insects)

• K-Strategists: Few offspring, lots of care (elephants, humans)

38. Rule of 70 (Population Growth)

Divide 70 by the growth rate (%) to estimate doubling time. Example: Growth rate = 2% → 70 ÷ 2 = 35 years

39. Population Terms

• Biotic Potential: Maximum reproductive capacity

• Carrying Capacity: Maximum population environment can support

• Intrinsic Rate Growth: Natural growth rate without limits

• Die-Back (Crash): Sudden population decline after overshoot

• Overshoot: Exceeding carrying capacity

• Replacement Level Fertility: Birth rate needed for population stability

41. Soil Layers

• O-Horizon: Organic matter

• A-Horizon (Topsoil): Nutrient-rich

• E-Horizon: Leaching layer

• B-Horizon (Subsoil): Mineral-rich

• C-Horizon: Weathered rock

• R-Horizon: Bedrock

42. Soil Particles

• Sand: Largest, drains well

• Silt: Medium size, moderate drainage

• Clay: Smallest, retains water

43. El Niño and La Niña

• El Niño: Warm Pacific, disrupts global weather (floods, droughts)

• La Niña: Cool Pacific, opposite effects (cold, dry conditions)

46. Layers of the Atmosphere

• Troposphere: Weather, closest to Earth

• Stratosphere: Ozone layer

• Mesosphere: Meteors burn

• Thermosphere: Auroras, satellites

• Exosphere: Outer edge

54. Timber Harvesting Methods

• Clear-Cutting: Fast, cheap; high environmental impact

• Selective Cutting: Sustainable, more expensive

58. Irrigation Methods (Efficiency Order)

1. Drip Irrigation: Most efficient

2. Sprinkler: Moderate efficiency

3. Flood Irrigation: Water loss through evaporation

4. Furrow Irrigation: Least efficient

63. Pesticide Treadmill

Cycle where pests become resistant to pesticides, requiring stronger chemicals over time.

64. Bioaccumulation vs. Biomagnification

• Bioaccumulation: Toxins build in an individual

• Biomagnification: Toxins increase at higher food chain levels

65. Negative Environmental Impacts of CAFOs

• Water contamination

• Air pollution

• Greenhouse gas emissions

• Antibiotic resistance