1.     Know the definition of anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy- science of body structures and relationships among them

Physiology- science of body functions or how structures work

2.     Know the levels of organization C-C-T-O-S-O

Chemical level®Cellular Level® Tissue Level® Organ Level®System level®Organism level

3.     Know the different organ systems; what the main organs are and the general function

Digestive system- mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas-  to digest and absorb food then excrete the waste with help of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines and rectum

Integumentary System- skin, hair, nails- protect body, regulates body temp, eliminates waste, & receives certain stimuli (pain)

Skeletal system- bones, cartilage, and joints- supports & protects body, assist in movement, provides surface area for muscle attachment, store minerals and lipids

Muscular system- skeletal, cardiac, smooth- participates in bringing about movement, produces heat, maintains posture, give shapes to body

Nervous system- brain, spinal cord, nerves- generates action potential to reg. body activities, detects change in internal and external environments, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

Lymphatic & Immune System- lymph, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils – transports fats from GI tract to cardiovascular system, site of maturation and proliferation of cells that protect against disease causing microbes, protect against disease through production of antibodies

Respiratory system- Lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, bronchial tubes- supplies O2, eliminates CO2, helps regulate acid-base balance of body, & produces vocal sounds

Urinary system- kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra – eliminates wastes, regulates fluid and electrolyte(sodium potassium) balance

Reproduction system-  testes, ductus deferens, penis, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, - gonads produce gametes that unite to form new organisms

Endocrine system- pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes- regulates body activities by releasing hormones

Cardiovascular System- heart, blood, blood vessels- heart pumps blood through vessels, blood carries O2 and nutrients to cells(arterial system) & CO2 and waste away from cells (venous system)

4.     Know the 6 characteristics of life.

Metabolism

Responsiveness

Movement

Growth

Differentiation

Reproduction

5.     Be able to define homeostasis.  Examples?

Physiological process by which the internal systems of the body are maintained at equilibrium

 Ex: body temp & blood glucose

6.     What is the feedback loop?  What 3 basic components make up the loop (definitions must be described)? Negative vs. positive feedback loops?

Homeostasis is controlled by a feedback loop system

1.Receptor – structure that monitors changes in controlled condition and sends input to control center (brain)

2.Control Center – sets what a particular value should be, evaluates input, and generates output commands

3.Effector – structure that receives output and produces a response

Negative feedback (more common) – reverses the altered controlled condition and returns the body back to homeostasis

Positive feedback – reinforces the altered controlled condition

7.     Know directional and anatomical terminology including different types of planes.

Directional- relative to what you are describing

Superior - toward the head end of the body; upper

Inferior - away from the head; lower r extremity).

Anterior - front of body

Posterior - back of body

Medial - toward the midline of the body

Lateral - away from the midline of the body(

Proximal - toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (

Distal - away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part

Anatomical- subject stands erect facing observer, with head level and eyes facing forward, palms facing out

Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) - A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.

Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) - A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.

Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) - A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.

Median plane - Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves.

8.     What 2 structures make up the dorsal cavities?

Cranial cavity & Vertebral canal

9.     What 2 cavities make up the ventral cavities?

Thoracic cavity and abdominopeliv cavity

 ? What 2 subdivisions make up the Thoracic cavity

pleural and pericardial cavity

what two subdivisions ake up Abdomino-pelvic cavity

abdominal and pelvic cavity

10.  What are serous membranes? What are the parietal and visceral layers?  Serous membranes have specific names in 3 locations, what are they?

Serous membranes – double-layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to exterior

Parietal layer – thin epithelium that lines the walls of the body cavities

Visceral layer – thin epithelium that covers and adheres to viscera (organs) within cavities

specific names in 3 locations:

◦       Peritoneum – lines abdominal cavity and organs

◦       Pleura – serous membrane of pleural cavity

◦       Pericardium – serous membrane of pericardial cavity

11.  Abdominal cavity can be divided into 4 or 9 regions, what are these divisions called?

12.  What organs can be found in the different abdominopelvic regions (question 11)?

Right hypochondriac region

Gall bladder, liver, R kidney

Right lumbar region

Cecum, ascending colon, liver, R. kidney

Right inguinal

Appendix, cecum, small intestine

Epigastric region

Liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum

Umbilical region

Jejunum, ileum, duodenum, colon, kidneys

Hypogastric region

Urinary bladder, small intestine, reproductive organs

Left hypochondriac region

Spleen, colon, liver, L kidney, small intestine

Left lumbar region

Descending colon, L. kidney, small intestine

Left inguinal region

Small intestine, descending colon