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Rathus_PSYCH_7e_PPT_CH08

Chapter Overview

  • Subject: Motivation and Emotion

  • Textbook: Psych, 7th Edition by Spencer A. Rathus, © 2022 Cengage

Icebreaker Activity

  • Question: What motivates you?

    • Reflect on a recent personal experience of motivation.

    • Discuss methods to create motivation when feeling unmotivated.

Chapter Objectives

  • By the end, you should be able to:

    • 08.01: Discuss aspects of motivation (needs, drives, incentives).

    • 08.02: Identify motivation theories.

    • 08.03: Describe biological and psychological influences on hunger.

    • 08.04: Discuss motives for sex, sexual behavior, sexual orientation, gender identity.

    • 08.05: Discuss achievement motivation.

    • 08.06: Discuss emotional expression.

    • 08.07: Discuss emotional response theories.

The Psychology of Motivation

Definition of Motivation

  • Motivation: State of experiencing inducement or incentive to act.

    • Includes:

      • Motives: State activating behavior towards goals.

      • Needs: Basic physiological requirements (food, water, air).

      • Drives: Arousing force that encourages action, stronger with deprivation.

      • Incentives: Objects, persons, or situations satisfying needs, or desirable for their own sake.

Polling Activity

  • Question: Are all needs the result of deprivation?

    • Answer options: Yes or No.

Debrief on Needs

  • Physiological and psychological needs:

    • Physiological: Essential for survival (hunger, thirst).

    • Psychological: Needs for achievement, power, self-esteem, social approval; not based on deprivation.

Theories of Motivation

Evolutionary Perspective

  • Instinctive behaviors:

    • Species-specific, inborn, genetically transmitted.

    • Recognized by William James and William McDougall.

      • James: Humans have instincts fostering social behavior (love, sympathy).

      • McDougall: Compiled 12 instincts (hunger, sex, self-assertion).

Drive-Reductionism and Homeostasis

  • Drive-reduction theory: Behaviors engage to reduce tension from deprivation.

  • Homeostasis: Body's tendency to maintain steady internal states.

Search for Stimulation

  • Stimulus motives: Motivate individuals to seek increased stimulation.

  • Evolutionary advantage for seeking novel stimulation.

Humanistic Theory: Maslow

  • Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Motivation driven by desired personal growth and self-actualization.

Hunger

Biological Influences on Hunger

  • Satiety signals: Regulate eating behavior.

  • Hypothalamus: Critical for hunger regulation.

    • Ventromedial nucleus (VMN): “Stop-eating center” (destruction leads to hyperphagia).

    • Lateral hypothalamus: “Start-eating center” (destruction leads to undereating).

Psychological Influences on Hunger

  • Influences include:

    • Sight and aroma of food.

    • Emotions like depression and boredom.

    • Lifestyle factors directly related to weight gain.

Factors in Becoming Overweight

Psychological Factors

  • Includes:

    • Obesogenic environment, lifestyle, stress, negative emotions, education.

Biological Factors

  • Includes:

    • Heredity, race, adaptive thermogenesis, metabolism differences.

Eating Disorders

  • Characterized by gross disturbances in eating patterns:

    • Anorexia nervosa: Individuals are too thin.

    • Bulimia nervosa: Dangerous methods to maintain weight.

    • Female athlete triad: Low energy, menstrual issues, reduced bone density.

Origins of Eating Disorders

  • Influenced by:

    • Family dynamics (role of eating, dieting, abuse).

    • Sociocultural climate (idealization of slimness).

Sexual Motivation, Behavior, Orientation, and Gender Identity

Motives for Having Sex

  • Categorized into:

    • Physical: Pleasure, desirability, experience seeking, stress reduction.

    • Goal attainment: Resources, status, revenge, utilitarian reasons.

    • Emotional: Love, commitment, expression.

    • Insecurity: Self-esteem boost, obligation, mate guarding.

Hormones and Sexual Motivation

  • Sex hormones:

    • Develop sex organs and regulate menstrual cycles.

    • Influence sex drive and sexual response.

Sexual Response Cycle

  • Bodily changes during arousal:

    • Four phases: Excitement, Plateau, Orgasmic, Resolution.

Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

Definitions

  • Sexual orientation: Direction of sexual interests.

  • LGBTQ: Acronym for diverse sexual orientations.

  • Gender identity: Inherent sense of male, female, or other.

Emotion

Definitions and Components

  • Emotions: Complex feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components.

    • Associated with autonomic nervous system arousal (sympathetic and parasympathetic responses).

Expression of Emotions

  • Universality in emotional expression (smiling, gestures).

  • Support from voice, posture, and gestural clues for emotions.

Positive Psychology

  • Focuses on positive emotions (happiness, love, optimism).

    • Contributing factors: Genetics, positive/negative events, socioeconomics, social relationships, religious factors, and optimism.

Theories of Emotion

James–Lange Theory

  • Emotions result from physiological responses to stimuli.

Cannon–Bard Theory

  • Simultaneous trigger of bodily responses and emotional experience.

Theory of Cognitive Appraisal

  • Emotional labels depend on appraisal of the situation.

Evaluating Theories

  • Emotional responses consist of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.

Summary of Learning Outcomes

  • Discussed aspects of motivation including needs, drives, and incentives.

  • Identified motivation theories and contributions to hunger.

  • Examined the factors influencing sexual behavior, achievement motivation, and emotional expression.