Rathus_PSYCH_7e_PPT_CH08

Chapter Overview

• Subject: Motivation and Emotion

• Textbook: Psych, 7th Edition by Spencer A. Rathus, © 2022 Cengage

Icebreaker Activity

• Question: What motivates you?

  • Reflect on a recent personal experience of motivation.

  • Discuss methods to create motivation when feeling unmotivated.

Chapter Objectives

• By the end, you should be able to:

  • 08.01: Discuss aspects of motivation (needs, drives, incentives).

  • 08.02: Identify motivation theories.

  • 08.03: Describe biological and psychological influences on hunger.

  • 08.04: Discuss motives for sex, sexual behavior, sexual orientation, gender identity.

  • 08.05: Discuss achievement motivation.

  • 08.06: Discuss emotional expression.

  • 08.07: Discuss emotional response theories.

The Psychology of Motivation

Definition of Motivation

• Motivation: State of experiencing inducement or incentive to act.

  • Includes:

    • Motives: State activating behavior towards goals.

    • Needs: Basic physiological requirements (food, water, air).

    • Drives: Arousing force that encourages action, stronger with deprivation.

    • Incentives: Objects, persons, or situations satisfying needs, or desirable for their own sake.

Polling Activity

• Question: Are all needs the result of deprivation?

  • Answer options: Yes or No.

Debrief on Needs

• Physiological and psychological needs:

  • Physiological: Essential for survival (hunger, thirst).

  • Psychological: Needs for achievement, power, self-esteem, social approval; not based on deprivation.

Theories of Motivation

Evolutionary Perspective

• Instinctive behaviors:

  • Species-specific, inborn, genetically transmitted.

  • Recognized by William James and William McDougall.

    • James: Humans have instincts fostering social behavior (love, sympathy).

    • McDougall: Compiled 12 instincts (hunger, sex, self-assertion).

Drive-Reductionism and Homeostasis

• Drive-reduction theory: Behaviors engage to reduce tension from deprivation.

• Homeostasis: Body's tendency to maintain steady internal states.

Search for Stimulation

• Stimulus motives: Motivate individuals to seek increased stimulation.

• Evolutionary advantage for seeking novel stimulation.

Humanistic Theory: Maslow

• Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Motivation driven by desired personal growth and self-actualization.

Hunger

Biological Influences on Hunger

• Satiety signals: Regulate eating behavior.

• Hypothalamus: Critical for hunger regulation.

  • Ventromedial nucleus (VMN): “Stop-eating center” (destruction leads to hyperphagia).

  • Lateral hypothalamus: “Start-eating center” (destruction leads to undereating).

Psychological Influences on Hunger

• Influences include:

  • Sight and aroma of food.

  • Emotions like depression and boredom.

  • Lifestyle factors directly related to weight gain.

Factors in Becoming Overweight

Psychological Factors

• Includes:

  • Obesogenic environment, lifestyle, stress, negative emotions, education.

Biological Factors

• Includes:

  • Heredity, race, adaptive thermogenesis, metabolism differences.

Eating Disorders

• Characterized by gross disturbances in eating patterns:

  • Anorexia nervosa: Individuals are too thin.

  • Bulimia nervosa: Dangerous methods to maintain weight.

  • Female athlete triad: Low energy, menstrual issues, reduced bone density.

Origins of Eating Disorders

• Influenced by:

  • Family dynamics (role of eating, dieting, abuse).

  • Sociocultural climate (idealization of slimness).

Sexual Motivation, Behavior, Orientation, and Gender Identity

Motives for Having Sex

• Categorized into:

  • Physical: Pleasure, desirability, experience seeking, stress reduction.

  • Goal attainment: Resources, status, revenge, utilitarian reasons.

  • Emotional: Love, commitment, expression.

  • Insecurity: Self-esteem boost, obligation, mate guarding.

Hormones and Sexual Motivation

• Sex hormones:

  • Develop sex organs and regulate menstrual cycles.

  • Influence sex drive and sexual response.

Sexual Response Cycle

• Bodily changes during arousal:

  • Four phases: Excitement, Plateau, Orgasmic, Resolution.

Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

Definitions

• Sexual orientation: Direction of sexual interests.

• LGBTQ: Acronym for diverse sexual orientations.

• Gender identity: Inherent sense of male, female, or other.

Emotion

Definitions and Components

• Emotions: Complex feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components.

  • Associated with autonomic nervous system arousal (sympathetic and parasympathetic responses).

Expression of Emotions

• Universality in emotional expression (smiling, gestures).

• Support from voice, posture, and gestural clues for emotions.

Positive Psychology

• Focuses on positive emotions (happiness, love, optimism).

  • Contributing factors: Genetics, positive/negative events, socioeconomics, social relationships, religious factors, and optimism.

Theories of Emotion

James–Lange Theory

• Emotions result from physiological responses to stimuli.

Cannon–Bard Theory

• Simultaneous trigger of bodily responses and emotional experience.

Theory of Cognitive Appraisal

• Emotional labels depend on appraisal of the situation.

Evaluating Theories

• Emotional responses consist of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.

Summary of Learning Outcomes

• Discussed aspects of motivation including needs, drives, and incentives.

• Identified motivation theories and contributions to hunger.

• Examined the factors influencing sexual behavior, achievement motivation, and emotional expression.