Self-Concept and Related Theories

  • Definition:

    • The way a person thinks about themselves; an overarching perception of one's identity.

    • Characteristics:

    • Unique

    • Dynamic

    • Subjective

    • Evolving process throughout the lifespan

    • Most flexible in the early stages of human development and influences relationships.

Distinction Between Self-Concept and Self-Esteem

  • Although self-concept and self-esteem are frequently used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings:

    • Self-Concept:

    • Relates to how a person perceives or thinks about him- or herself.

    • Self-Esteem:

    • Relates to how a person feels about him- or herself.

Influence of Experience on Self-Perception

  • Self-perceptions may change based on life experiences and challenges faced, influenced by the knowledge one has about oneself.

Three Components of Roger’s Theory of Self-Concept

  • Self-Image:

    • The way an individual views their unique qualities, including genetic and physical characteristics.

  • Self-Esteem:

    • The evaluative aspect of self-concept, assessing a person’s overall level of self-worth and feelings towards themselves.

  • The Ideal Self:

    • Represents aspirations; what a person wants to become.

Other Factors Influencing Development of Self-Concept

  • Emotional Intelligence (EI):

    • The ability to perceive, understand, control, manage, and evaluate emotions.

  • Self-Awareness:

    • The capability to see oneself clearly and objectively through reflection and introspection.

  • Body Image:

    • An individual's perceptions, feelings, and thoughts about their body, usually conceptualized by perceptions related to body shape, size, and physical attractiveness.

  • Self-Efficacy:

    • A person’s perceived ability to successfully complete a task.

  • Culture:

    • Values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways shared within a group that guide thinking, decisions, and actions.

  • Role Performance:

    • Specific behaviors displayed within each role and perceptions of one's ability to successfully fulfill those roles.

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

  • 8 Stages:

    • Trust vs. Mistrust: (Birth to 1 year)

    • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: (1 to 3 years)

    • Initiative vs. Guilt: (3 to 6 years)

    • Industry vs. Inferiority: (6 to 12 years)

    • Identity vs. Role Confusion: (12 to 19 years)

    • Intimacy vs. Isolation: (20 to mid-40s)

    • Generativity vs. Stagnation: (mid-40s to mid-60s)

    • Integrity vs. Despair: (mid-60s to death)

  • Each developmental stage plays a crucial role in developing a healthy self-concept.

Identity Formation

  • Definition:

    • A complex, lifelong process whereby individuals develop an understanding of themselves within the context of family, cultural, and social norms.

Identity Stressors

  • Factors that may impact an individual's identity include:

    • Body Image Stressors

    • Self-Esteem Stressors

    • Role Performance Stressors

Nurses' Role in Client-Centered Care

  • Nurses have a vital role in planning and implementing comprehensive, client-centered, holistic plans of care aimed at promoting a positive self-concept.