11. Problem Solving and Creativity

Problem Solving and Creativity

Overview

• This document discusses the concepts of problem solving and creativity, exploring various methodologies and psychological underpinnings by David Matahari, S.Psi., M.Sc.

Problem Solving Cycle

Key Steps

1. Problem Identification

   • Determine whether a problem exists.

2. Problem Definition and Representation

   • Clarify what the problem is specifically.

3. Strategy Formulation

   • Analyze the problem and synthesize potential solutions.

   • Involves divergent thinking to generate multiple alternatives, followed by convergent thinking to identify the best solution.

4. Organizing Information

   • Structure the relevant data and elements related to the problem.

5. Resource Allocation

   • Decide on the necessary time, effort, and resources needed.

6. Monitoring

   • Keep track of progress during the problem-solving process.

7. Evaluation

   • Assess the effectiveness of the solution once implemented.

Types of Problems

Well-Structured Problems

• Possess clear paths to solutions (e.g., Geometry).

Ill-Structured Problems

• Lack definitive solutions and may require insight for resolution.

Examples of Problems

The Hobbits and Orcs Problem

• A classical problem where three hobbits and three orcs must cross a river without allowing the orcs to outnumber the hobbits on either side.

• Solution involves strategic movements ensuring safety of the hobbits.

Problem Space and Algorithms

• Problem Space: The range of all potential actions applicable to solving a problem based on constraints.

• Algorithms: Specific sequences of operations aimed at finding solutions that must be executed repeatedly.

• Heuristics: Informal and intuitive strategies to arrive at solutions.

Insights into Ill-Structured Problems

• Ill-structured problems often require an 'a-ha' moment, but insights can develop gradually over time.

• Incubation: Temporarily setting aside the problem can lead to breakthroughs.

Obstacles and Aids to Problem Solving

Constraints

• Mental Sets: Existing frameworks for representing problems can become constraining.

• Entrenchment: Over-reliance on familiar solutions that may not be applicable to present problems.

• Functional Fixedness: Inability to see alternate uses for an object or method.

Transfer of Learning

• Positive Transfer: Previous knowledge aids in solving new problems (e.g., math aids physics).

• Negative Transfer: Past experiences hinder solving a new problem (e.g., law enforcement difficulties with different crime types).

Expertise in Problem Solving

• Differentiates between experts and novices based on organization and application of knowledge.

• Experts have extensive, well-organized schemas that allow for efficient problem-solving strategies and greater flexibility in adapting to new information.

Creativity

Characteristics of Creative Individuals

• Creativity is defined as producing original and worthwhile outcomes.

• Divergent Production: Ability to generate a wide array of responses.

• Highly creative individuals spend time studying existing work, leading to innovation.

• Factors Influencing Creativity:

  • Knowledge depth contributes to higher creativity.

  • Personality traits such as flexibility and a lack of stereotypes.

  • Intrinsic motivation tends to foster creativity more than extrinsic motivation.

Conclusion

• Problem solving is a critical cognitive process characterized by iterative cycles and the utilization of strategies.

• Creativity connects to this process, facilitating novel responses and solutions to complex problems.