biology semester 1 study guide
The basics
- Chloroplasts-site of photosynthesis
- Chlorophyll- responsible for absorbing light
- Central dogma= dna- rna- protein
- Cohesion- water sticking to self
- Adhesion- water sticking to surface
- Surface tension- forces of water are too strong to break surface
- Standard deviation: amount of variance
- Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine make up your genetic code
- Antiparallel- 5 prime and 3 prime
- Ribosomes- makes proteins
- Rough ER- holds ribosomes
- Smooth ER- makes phospholipids
- Golgi- protein processing
- Peroxisome- site of oxidation of fatty acids
- Lysosome- clean up things that shouldn’t be there
- Centrosome- puts out spindle fibers
- Vacuoles- transportation
Punnett squares/ DNA
- heterozygous-Rr, one dominant, one recessive
- homozygous-RR,rr, both the same
- Transcription- translation- folding
- Genotype: RR, rr, Rr, allele combination
- Phenotype: physical expression
- Mendel- mixed pea plants
- Mendel’s laws:
- Segregation- alleles will separate when making gametes
- Dominance- traits will be recessive/dominant
- Independent assortment- genes can separate different from each other
- Watson and crick story
- Rosalind franklin and morris wilkins- king's college, linus pauling- america, and watson and crick
- Rosalind- i made this stuff
- Wilkins- i want the credit
- Rosalind- gives a lecture to king’s college but Waston was there
- Watson- steals idea, claims all of the credit
- Watson and crick- banned, then unbanned
- Rosalind- makes basic idea
- Watson- steals idea and makes the structure
Cells
- Mitosis- splitting
- 46 chromosomes
- 8 histones in a nucleosome
- Centromere- middle of chromosome
- Cells shot out spindle fibers
- Haploid- one copy of each chromosome
- Diploid- 2 copies
- Transcription- transferring
- Translating- changing something slightly
- Phases of mitosis
- Prophase
- Prometa
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- telophase
Disorders/ x-linked
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