World history Test Unit 5 part 1
Arms Race: A period of intense competition between nations, particularly in Europe leading up to World War I, characterized by the rapid development and stockpiling of military weaponry and technology.
The Balkans: A region in Southeast Europe with a history of ethnic and political tensions, often considered a powder keg due to the potential for conflict arising from these tensions.
“Powder Keg of Europe”: A term used to describe the Balkans due to the volatile mix of ethnic and political tensions that could potentially spark a major conflict.
Allied Powers (Triple Entente): The coalition of nations, primarily France, Russia, and Great Britain, along with their allies, who opposed the Central Powers during World War I.
Central Powers (Triple Alliance): The coalition of nations, primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (later joined by the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria), who opposed the Allied Powers during World War I.
Gavrilo Princip: A Bosnian Serb nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo in 1914, an event that precipitated the outbreak of World War I.
Pull in Effect: The idea that alliances and treaties could draw nations into a conflict even if they were not directly involved in the initial dispute.
Schlieffen Plan: A military strategy developed by Germany prior to World War I, which aimed to quickly defeat France in the west before turning to face Russia in the east, thereby avoiding a two-front war.
Militarism: The belief in or reliance on military power as a means of advancing national interests and achieving national security.
Alliances: Formal agreements between nations to cooperate and support each other in times of war or conflict.
Imperialism and Rivalries: The competition among European powers for colonial possessions and influence, which contributed to tensions and rivalries that eventually erupted into World War I.
Nationalism: A strong sense of pride, loyalty, and devotion to one's nation or ethnic group, which can lead to competition and conflict between nations.
Plan XVII: A French military strategy developed before World War I, which focused on launching an offensive against Germany in the event of war.
Total War: A conflict in which nations mobilize all available resources and populations towards the war effort, often involving civilian populations and economies in addition to military forces.
War of Attrition: A prolonged conflict in which each side attempts to wear down the other through sustained attacks and continuous losses.
World War I Technology: Technological advancements such as machine guns, tanks, poison gas, and aircraft that revolutionized warfare during World War I.
Trench Warfare & “No Man's Land”: A form of warfare characterized by fighting from trenches, with little movement and heavy casualties, and "No Man's Land" refers to the area between opposing trench lines.
Battle of Gallipoli: A major Allied campaign during World War I, primarily fought on the Gallipoli Peninsula in present-day Turkey, aimed at securing a sea route to Russia and knocking the Ottoman Empire out of the war.
Stalemate: A situation in which neither side in a conflict is able to gain a decisive advantage, resulting in a deadlock.
Propaganda: Information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a particular political cause or point of view, especially during wartime.
Zimmerman Telegram: A secret diplomatic communication sent by the German Empire to Mexico during World War I, proposing a military alliance against the United States, intercepted and decoded by British intelligence, which significantly influenced the U.S. decision to enter the war.
Sinking of the Lusitania: The torpedoing and sinking of the British passenger liner RMS Lusitania by a German submarine in 1915, resulting in the deaths of nearly 1,200 civilians, including 128 Americans, and contributing to growing anti-German sentiment in the United States.
Western Front: The main theater of operations during World War I, characterized by trench warfare and heavy fighting along the Western European borders of France, Belgium, and Germany.
Eastern Front: The theater of operations on the Eastern European border during World War I, primarily between the Central Powers and Russia.
Weimar Republic: The democratic government established in Germany following World War I, named after the city of Weimar where the new constitution was written, and replaced by the Nazi regime in 1933.
Armistice: A formal agreement to cease fighting, often a preliminary step to negotiating a peace treaty.
Paris Peace Conference: The meeting of Allied powers following World War I to negotiate the terms of peace, resulting in the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties with defeated nations.
Lloyd George: The British Prime Minister during World War I, who played a key role in the Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference.
Georges Clemenceau: The French Prime Minister during World War I, known for his uncompromising stance towards Germany at the Paris Peace Conference.
Vittorio Orlando: The Italian Prime Minister during World War I, who represented Italy at the Paris Peace Conference.
Self-Determination: The right of people to choose their own political status, which was a key principle advocated by Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference.
League of Nations: An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations, although it ultimately failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II.
Treaty of Versailles: The peace treaty signed in 1919 at the end of World War I, which imposed harsh penalties on Germany, including territorial losses, military restrictions, and reparations payments.
Article X: A provision of the Treaty of Versailles that committed signatories to support any member state that was attacked, a precursor to collective security arrangements.
War Guilt Clause: Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which placed sole responsibility for the outbreak of World War I on Germany and its allies, leading to significant resentment and contributing to the rise of extremism in Germany.
Balfour Declaration (1917): A statement issued by the British government during World War I, expressing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.
Mexican Revolution: A major armed struggle in Mexico between various factions and the government from 1910 to 1920, which significantly impacted Mexican politics and society.
Tsar Nicholas II: The last Emperor of Russia, whose reign ended with the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent establishment of a communist government.
Vladimir Lenin: The leader of the Bolshevik Party and the main architect of the Russian Revolution, who became the first leader of the Soviet Union.
Bolsheviks: A faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, led by Lenin, which seized power in the October Revolution of 1917 and established a communist government in Russia.
Red Army: The military forces of the Soviet Union, established by the Bolsheviks after the Russian Revolution.
Joseph Stalin: The leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s
Great Purge: A brutal campaign of political repression orchestrated by Joseph Stalin in the late 1930s, targeting perceived enemies of the Soviet state through mass arrests, executions, and forced labor in Gulags, aimed at consolidating Stalin's power and eliminating potential threats to his regime.
Imperialism and Rivalries
1898 England and france argued over rights to the sudan in Africa (Fashoda incident: of a series of territorial disputes in Africa between GB and France)
1899 Germany England and Russia argued over rights to build a railroad in India
1905 1908 and 1911 Germany and france Almost went to war over Morocco
Militarism
Many Europeans believed their national power was determined by their military strength
The industrial revolution led to large advanced armies and navies with new industrial weapons
European countries tried to keep up with each other inevitably an arms race began
This made it difficult to settle minor problems by talking things out.
Nationalism
Nationalism=Feelings of great pride and united the citizens of a country and some countries want revenge for previous war
Fr wanted revenge against GR for its loss during the franco prussian war in 1871
Nationalism also divided people
The most tense place in Europe by 1914 was the Balkans as serbia Greece Albania Bulgaria and Romania all broke from the ottoman empire to make new nations
Slavic people wanted to unite and form a slavic Nation (Yugoslavia) but austria hungary did not want this to happen
Alliances
No nation wanted to fight in a war by itself so nations formed Alliances
EN FR and RU made up the Triple entre (Allied powers) Germany Austria Hungary Ottoman Empire and Italy made up the Triple (Central powers)
These alliances did not make Europe more secure they made it more tense
Causes of WWI
By 1914 Euro was in a bad position
Powerful European nation had large armies and navies
Militarism supported the idea was war can be good and can bring nationalism to a nation and its people
Nations were tied together by alliances
Pull in effect
The war BEGINS!
On June 28 1914 the Austro Hungarian Archduke Franz was assassinated by Gavrillo Princip-Blankhand
The war BEGINS! Part 2
On July 23 Austria hungary issued an Ultimatum to Serbia: Either allow Austria Hungarian officials to investigate the Assassination or go to war
On July 28 1914 Serbia declined the Ultimatum and Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia
Pull in Effect
July 28 1914 Russia declares war on Austria hungary in order to Defend serbia
August 1 Germany due to their alliance with Austria Hungary declare war on Russia
August 3 Germany pre Emptively declares war on France due to their rivalry
Also France was a ally of Russia germany thought it was inevitable
August 4 GB Joins in due to their alliances with france and russia
Battle of Marne and Battle of Tannenberg
The Schlieffen Plan seemed like it was working as the germans had early wins and seemed ready to take paris but English and french saved paris at the battle of Marne
Meanwhile Russia Mobilized Faster Than Expected
Germany had to divert troops from France to fight the Russian army in the east
Total war
Take all resources of their nation to win the War
Soldiers were drafted the Media was censored propaganda was created to support the ar
The enemy became the other nation not just its soldiers
New weapons were introduced
Machine guns tanks airplanes flamethrowers poison gas blimps heavy artillery and U boats
To protect themselves both the Allies and central Power built trenches on the Western front
Battle of Gallipoli
The Gallipoli Campaign was a military campaign in the First world war that took place on the Gallipoli Peninsula from February 17 1915 to January 9 1916
The Entente power britain France and Russia sought To weaken the ottoman empire one of the Central power by taking control of the Turkish strait
Total War part like 4
Trench warfare made it difficult for either side to win a victory
WW1 became a war of attrition in which both
The U.S Enters the War
Most Americans believed the US should stay neutral during WWI
Us President wilson felt WWI was a Euro conflict Immigrant quarrels
The Germans used Unrestricted Submarine warfare around England to keep the Allies from getting Aid from other countries
Germany attacked Any ship arriving in England
The Us grew angry with Germany because Americans were on these ships but the U.S wa a neutral nation
In March 1917 British intercepted the Zimmerman Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the Germany foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the United states entered World War I against germany
The british shared this with the United states in hope of having them join the war on the allied powers side
Battlefront 1917-1918
When the US entered the war in 1917 the Allies faced Defeat U Boats effectively Limited Allied supplies
The Russian surrendered Following the Russian Revolution treaty of brest litovsk this allied the Germans to move their full army to the western front
Mutinies were becoming common in the French army
The british lost the third battle of ypres (Flanders belgium)
Turning point
The Arrival of Us Troops raised Allied Morale at a crucial time
Turk Austria hungary and Bulgaria all surrendered
By November 1918 the German King knew the War was over so he abdicated the throne
A new German democracy was created known as the weimar Republic
The fighting Comes to an End
Leaders of the New weimar Republic signed an armistice
Happened on the 11th hour of 11th day of 11th month of 1918
War in the Trenches
WWI was total war
Artillery's poison gas grenades machine guns led to trench warfare and war of attrition
9 million soldiers and 20 million civilians died
The Allies faced 52% casualty rates and central powers had 57% casualty rates
The US had only 320,00 casualties (6.8%)
Paris Peace Conference-1919
Big Four Woodrow Wilson David lloyd George Georges Clemeuceau Vittorio Orlando
No germany No Russia
Woodro Wilson’s 14 points post war plan for peace didn’t didn't want to punish anyone
No secret treaties
Freedom of seas
Free trade
Reduction of Armies and navies
Let colonies self rule no imperialism
Suggestions for changing borders and making new nations
14. League of nations Permanent Int’l org that would avert future wars
14 Part 2. Dealt with the creation of a League of Nations
Wilson helped to establish the League of nations to keep peace by resolving disputes b/t nation
Placed European colonies in Africa Asia and Latin Amer Control of league of nations and are required to report in under the mandate system
No easy Way out
Lloyd George and Clemenceau were indifferent to the League and sought Harsher terms for Germany
France Particularly feared Future german attack wanted to permanently weaken Germany and Create a Weaken Germany and Create a Barrier b/t the two countries
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty B/t France great Britain and Germany June 28 1919
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
League of nations
All allies and neutral countries except
No Germany
No Russia
No United states
Germany lost territory all taken during war colonies Alsace Lorraine
Military restriction no making/importing weapons limits on size of army and navy no air force
War Guilt Clause War is Germany’s Fault must pay 33 billion in Reparations to Allies
Part II:Russian Revolution
Lead up to the Russian revolution
1905s Russia’s loss to the Japanese in the Russo Japanese war ld to a near revolution
Rather than be overthrow the Tsar appeased the people by allowing the formation of representative assembly the Duma
Things ere temporarily settled in Russia WWI would bring a new set of problem
Germany was winning WWI the working class and peasant of russia were overtaxed and lacking food and land
The lower class grew increasingly upset with the amount of land and power enjoyed by russia elites
The Duma would be dissolved during the Russian revolution in february of 1917
Russian revolution
W/ Lack of food land and military success in WWI Russian peasant began to rebel in the summer of 1917
Communist leader vladimir Lenin used the anger and mob violence of the peasant/worker to his advantage
The bolsheviks Lenin lead a communist party built on the Slogan peace land and bread in order to draw support from the lower class
While the military losses to Germany continued under the provisional government led by the Duma Bolsheviks and the petrograd soviet gained enough momentum = second revolution in october
The Bolshevik revolution Lenin's bolshevik party and the petrograd soviet removed the Duma got and immediately enacted the following changes to address the concerns of the lower class peasants and workers
Ru surrendered to Germany to RU tenure in conflict
Named it to the Union of soviet socialist republics
Land and factories were redistributed to peasants via a peasant committee
Agriculture was collectivized in order to distribute evenly to all
Stalin
Rose to power through the use of political alliances
Put his enemies against each other
Would align with one group to discredit another
Then separate himself from that group to discredit it
Stalin became the head of the communist party in 1928
He believed in communism in one country
Which opposed of Lenin’s idea to spread communism abroad
He changed lenin’s NEP to his own five year plan
Designated the desired goals to the Russian economy for the next five years
Life under Stalin
Russia was turned into a police state under the control of a totalitarian gov’t
Many people died of starvation and anyone suspected of criticizing the gov’t as arrested and sent to siberia or killed in the great purge
Part III: Other Impacts of War
Other impacts of the war
Many Arabs nations were also disappointed with having to live under FR and British rule
A. More complicated after Balfour declaration (1917)
Officially stated british support for the creation of Israel
B. Palestine is where it would be taken from and had traditionally been under Muslim control
Lastly allowed and prompted the start of many new nations
(Mostly slavic) to start in former empires of Germany and Austro hungarian
Ottoman Empire
Primary power and threat to European through the 16th/ 17th centuries the OE declined into irrelevance in the 19th
Still held at large land empire European powers and Independence movement by slavs and Arabs would contribute to its demise
OE had depended almost entirely on military conquest and agriculture for its economy
When it could no longer gain territory and when it fought attempts to industrialize its lost its source of wealth
In a last ditch effort to revive territorial standing during WWI it allied itself with an incredibly powerful Germany
Ith Gr and its allies defeat by 1918 the OE would be dismantled and the Sultan removed in favor of a Constitutional republic in 1922
Former territory was dismantled and distributed between victorious powers in the League of nation’s
Mandate System a system that granted OE GR and italians imperial territories to Britain and France
Qing Dynasty
By like 1911 Quing dynasty had suffered defeat from Europe and Japan
Fall from power in E. Asia marked the end of the 2k years of sole dominance and the Han felt the Manchu had lot the mandate of Heaven
Wanting to overthrow the Ineffective government Sun yat sen led a revolt to overthrow the Dynasty in favor of a W constitutional republic
Qing abdicated in 1912 a brief constitutional republic formed the People’s republic of China that quickly ran into trouble
Civil war would continue between communist and capitalist forces in China once the Japanese had been defeated by the americans in 1945
Mexican Revolution
Diaz got his presidency extended by the revolution he was not a fan of traditional establishments such as land owning elites foreign investors and the catholic Church growing calls for reform and even elements of social justice defined the extensive revolutionary struggle
Constitution est. fundamental social rights like the right to free public education health science and culture disestablished
Arms Race: A period of intense competition between nations, particularly in Europe leading up to World War I, characterized by the rapid development and stockpiling of military weaponry and technology.
The Balkans: A region in Southeast Europe with a history of ethnic and political tensions, often considered a powder keg due to the potential for conflict arising from these tensions.
“Powder Keg of Europe”: A term used to describe the Balkans due to the volatile mix of ethnic and political tensions that could potentially spark a major conflict.
Allied Powers (Triple Entente): The coalition of nations, primarily France, Russia, and Great Britain, along with their allies, who opposed the Central Powers during World War I.
Central Powers (Triple Alliance): The coalition of nations, primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (later joined by the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria), who opposed the Allied Powers during World War I.
Gavrilo Princip: A Bosnian Serb nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo in 1914, an event that precipitated the outbreak of World War I.
Pull in Effect: The idea that alliances and treaties could draw nations into a conflict even if they were not directly involved in the initial dispute.
Schlieffen Plan: A military strategy developed by Germany prior to World War I, which aimed to quickly defeat France in the west before turning to face Russia in the east, thereby avoiding a two-front war.
Militarism: The belief in or reliance on military power as a means of advancing national interests and achieving national security.
Alliances: Formal agreements between nations to cooperate and support each other in times of war or conflict.
Imperialism and Rivalries: The competition among European powers for colonial possessions and influence, which contributed to tensions and rivalries that eventually erupted into World War I.
Nationalism: A strong sense of pride, loyalty, and devotion to one's nation or ethnic group, which can lead to competition and conflict between nations.
Plan XVII: A French military strategy developed before World War I, which focused on launching an offensive against Germany in the event of war.
Total War: A conflict in which nations mobilize all available resources and populations towards the war effort, often involving civilian populations and economies in addition to military forces.
War of Attrition: A prolonged conflict in which each side attempts to wear down the other through sustained attacks and continuous losses.
World War I Technology: Technological advancements such as machine guns, tanks, poison gas, and aircraft that revolutionized warfare during World War I.
Trench Warfare & “No Man's Land”: A form of warfare characterized by fighting from trenches, with little movement and heavy casualties, and "No Man's Land" refers to the area between opposing trench lines.
Battle of Gallipoli: A major Allied campaign during World War I, primarily fought on the Gallipoli Peninsula in present-day Turkey, aimed at securing a sea route to Russia and knocking the Ottoman Empire out of the war.
Stalemate: A situation in which neither side in a conflict is able to gain a decisive advantage, resulting in a deadlock.
Propaganda: Information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a particular political cause or point of view, especially during wartime.
Zimmerman Telegram: A secret diplomatic communication sent by the German Empire to Mexico during World War I, proposing a military alliance against the United States, intercepted and decoded by British intelligence, which significantly influenced the U.S. decision to enter the war.
Sinking of the Lusitania: The torpedoing and sinking of the British passenger liner RMS Lusitania by a German submarine in 1915, resulting in the deaths of nearly 1,200 civilians, including 128 Americans, and contributing to growing anti-German sentiment in the United States.
Western Front: The main theater of operations during World War I, characterized by trench warfare and heavy fighting along the Western European borders of France, Belgium, and Germany.
Eastern Front: The theater of operations on the Eastern European border during World War I, primarily between the Central Powers and Russia.
Weimar Republic: The democratic government established in Germany following World War I, named after the city of Weimar where the new constitution was written, and replaced by the Nazi regime in 1933.
Armistice: A formal agreement to cease fighting, often a preliminary step to negotiating a peace treaty.
Paris Peace Conference: The meeting of Allied powers following World War I to negotiate the terms of peace, resulting in the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties with defeated nations.
Lloyd George: The British Prime Minister during World War I, who played a key role in the Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference.
Georges Clemenceau: The French Prime Minister during World War I, known for his uncompromising stance towards Germany at the Paris Peace Conference.
Vittorio Orlando: The Italian Prime Minister during World War I, who represented Italy at the Paris Peace Conference.
Self-Determination: The right of people to choose their own political status, which was a key principle advocated by Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference.
League of Nations: An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations, although it ultimately failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II.
Treaty of Versailles: The peace treaty signed in 1919 at the end of World War I, which imposed harsh penalties on Germany, including territorial losses, military restrictions, and reparations payments.
Article X: A provision of the Treaty of Versailles that committed signatories to support any member state that was attacked, a precursor to collective security arrangements.
War Guilt Clause: Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which placed sole responsibility for the outbreak of World War I on Germany and its allies, leading to significant resentment and contributing to the rise of extremism in Germany.
Balfour Declaration (1917): A statement issued by the British government during World War I, expressing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.
Mexican Revolution: A major armed struggle in Mexico between various factions and the government from 1910 to 1920, which significantly impacted Mexican politics and society.
Tsar Nicholas II: The last Emperor of Russia, whose reign ended with the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent establishment of a communist government.
Vladimir Lenin: The leader of the Bolshevik Party and the main architect of the Russian Revolution, who became the first leader of the Soviet Union.
Bolsheviks: A faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, led by Lenin, which seized power in the October Revolution of 1917 and established a communist government in Russia.
Red Army: The military forces of the Soviet Union, established by the Bolsheviks after the Russian Revolution.
Joseph Stalin: The leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s
Great Purge: A brutal campaign of political repression orchestrated by Joseph Stalin in the late 1930s, targeting perceived enemies of the Soviet state through mass arrests, executions, and forced labor in Gulags, aimed at consolidating Stalin's power and eliminating potential threats to his regime.
Imperialism and Rivalries
1898 England and france argued over rights to the sudan in Africa (Fashoda incident: of a series of territorial disputes in Africa between GB and France)
1899 Germany England and Russia argued over rights to build a railroad in India
1905 1908 and 1911 Germany and france Almost went to war over Morocco
Militarism
Many Europeans believed their national power was determined by their military strength
The industrial revolution led to large advanced armies and navies with new industrial weapons
European countries tried to keep up with each other inevitably an arms race began
This made it difficult to settle minor problems by talking things out.
Nationalism
Nationalism=Feelings of great pride and united the citizens of a country and some countries want revenge for previous war
Fr wanted revenge against GR for its loss during the franco prussian war in 1871
Nationalism also divided people
The most tense place in Europe by 1914 was the Balkans as serbia Greece Albania Bulgaria and Romania all broke from the ottoman empire to make new nations
Slavic people wanted to unite and form a slavic Nation (Yugoslavia) but austria hungary did not want this to happen
Alliances
No nation wanted to fight in a war by itself so nations formed Alliances
EN FR and RU made up the Triple entre (Allied powers) Germany Austria Hungary Ottoman Empire and Italy made up the Triple (Central powers)
These alliances did not make Europe more secure they made it more tense
Causes of WWI
By 1914 Euro was in a bad position
Powerful European nation had large armies and navies
Militarism supported the idea was war can be good and can bring nationalism to a nation and its people
Nations were tied together by alliances
Pull in effect
The war BEGINS!
On June 28 1914 the Austro Hungarian Archduke Franz was assassinated by Gavrillo Princip-Blankhand
The war BEGINS! Part 2
On July 23 Austria hungary issued an Ultimatum to Serbia: Either allow Austria Hungarian officials to investigate the Assassination or go to war
On July 28 1914 Serbia declined the Ultimatum and Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia
Pull in Effect
July 28 1914 Russia declares war on Austria hungary in order to Defend serbia
August 1 Germany due to their alliance with Austria Hungary declare war on Russia
August 3 Germany pre Emptively declares war on France due to their rivalry
Also France was a ally of Russia germany thought it was inevitable
August 4 GB Joins in due to their alliances with france and russia
Battle of Marne and Battle of Tannenberg
The Schlieffen Plan seemed like it was working as the germans had early wins and seemed ready to take paris but English and french saved paris at the battle of Marne
Meanwhile Russia Mobilized Faster Than Expected
Germany had to divert troops from France to fight the Russian army in the east
Total war
Take all resources of their nation to win the War
Soldiers were drafted the Media was censored propaganda was created to support the ar
The enemy became the other nation not just its soldiers
New weapons were introduced
Machine guns tanks airplanes flamethrowers poison gas blimps heavy artillery and U boats
To protect themselves both the Allies and central Power built trenches on the Western front
Battle of Gallipoli
The Gallipoli Campaign was a military campaign in the First world war that took place on the Gallipoli Peninsula from February 17 1915 to January 9 1916
The Entente power britain France and Russia sought To weaken the ottoman empire one of the Central power by taking control of the Turkish strait
Total War part like 4
Trench warfare made it difficult for either side to win a victory
WW1 became a war of attrition in which both
The U.S Enters the War
Most Americans believed the US should stay neutral during WWI
Us President wilson felt WWI was a Euro conflict Immigrant quarrels
The Germans used Unrestricted Submarine warfare around England to keep the Allies from getting Aid from other countries
Germany attacked Any ship arriving in England
The Us grew angry with Germany because Americans were on these ships but the U.S wa a neutral nation
In March 1917 British intercepted the Zimmerman Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the Germany foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the United states entered World War I against germany
The british shared this with the United states in hope of having them join the war on the allied powers side
Battlefront 1917-1918
When the US entered the war in 1917 the Allies faced Defeat U Boats effectively Limited Allied supplies
The Russian surrendered Following the Russian Revolution treaty of brest litovsk this allied the Germans to move their full army to the western front
Mutinies were becoming common in the French army
The british lost the third battle of ypres (Flanders belgium)
Turning point
The Arrival of Us Troops raised Allied Morale at a crucial time
Turk Austria hungary and Bulgaria all surrendered
By November 1918 the German King knew the War was over so he abdicated the throne
A new German democracy was created known as the weimar Republic
The fighting Comes to an End
Leaders of the New weimar Republic signed an armistice
Happened on the 11th hour of 11th day of 11th month of 1918
War in the Trenches
WWI was total war
Artillery's poison gas grenades machine guns led to trench warfare and war of attrition
9 million soldiers and 20 million civilians died
The Allies faced 52% casualty rates and central powers had 57% casualty rates
The US had only 320,00 casualties (6.8%)
Paris Peace Conference-1919
Big Four Woodrow Wilson David lloyd George Georges Clemeuceau Vittorio Orlando
No germany No Russia
Woodro Wilson’s 14 points post war plan for peace didn’t didn't want to punish anyone
No secret treaties
Freedom of seas
Free trade
Reduction of Armies and navies
Let colonies self rule no imperialism
Suggestions for changing borders and making new nations
14. League of nations Permanent Int’l org that would avert future wars
14 Part 2. Dealt with the creation of a League of Nations
Wilson helped to establish the League of nations to keep peace by resolving disputes b/t nation
Placed European colonies in Africa Asia and Latin Amer Control of league of nations and are required to report in under the mandate system
No easy Way out
Lloyd George and Clemenceau were indifferent to the League and sought Harsher terms for Germany
France Particularly feared Future german attack wanted to permanently weaken Germany and Create a Weaken Germany and Create a Barrier b/t the two countries
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty B/t France great Britain and Germany June 28 1919
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
League of nations
All allies and neutral countries except
No Germany
No Russia
No United states
Germany lost territory all taken during war colonies Alsace Lorraine
Military restriction no making/importing weapons limits on size of army and navy no air force
War Guilt Clause War is Germany’s Fault must pay 33 billion in Reparations to Allies
Part II:Russian Revolution
Lead up to the Russian revolution
1905s Russia’s loss to the Japanese in the Russo Japanese war ld to a near revolution
Rather than be overthrow the Tsar appeased the people by allowing the formation of representative assembly the Duma
Things ere temporarily settled in Russia WWI would bring a new set of problem
Germany was winning WWI the working class and peasant of russia were overtaxed and lacking food and land
The lower class grew increasingly upset with the amount of land and power enjoyed by russia elites
The Duma would be dissolved during the Russian revolution in february of 1917
Russian revolution
W/ Lack of food land and military success in WWI Russian peasant began to rebel in the summer of 1917
Communist leader vladimir Lenin used the anger and mob violence of the peasant/worker to his advantage
The bolsheviks Lenin lead a communist party built on the Slogan peace land and bread in order to draw support from the lower class
While the military losses to Germany continued under the provisional government led by the Duma Bolsheviks and the petrograd soviet gained enough momentum = second revolution in october
The Bolshevik revolution Lenin's bolshevik party and the petrograd soviet removed the Duma got and immediately enacted the following changes to address the concerns of the lower class peasants and workers
Ru surrendered to Germany to RU tenure in conflict
Named it to the Union of soviet socialist republics
Land and factories were redistributed to peasants via a peasant committee
Agriculture was collectivized in order to distribute evenly to all
Stalin
Rose to power through the use of political alliances
Put his enemies against each other
Would align with one group to discredit another
Then separate himself from that group to discredit it
Stalin became the head of the communist party in 1928
He believed in communism in one country
Which opposed of Lenin’s idea to spread communism abroad
He changed lenin’s NEP to his own five year plan
Designated the desired goals to the Russian economy for the next five years
Life under Stalin
Russia was turned into a police state under the control of a totalitarian gov’t
Many people died of starvation and anyone suspected of criticizing the gov’t as arrested and sent to siberia or killed in the great purge
Part III: Other Impacts of War
Other impacts of the war
Many Arabs nations were also disappointed with having to live under FR and British rule
A. More complicated after Balfour declaration (1917)
Officially stated british support for the creation of Israel
B. Palestine is where it would be taken from and had traditionally been under Muslim control
Lastly allowed and prompted the start of many new nations
(Mostly slavic) to start in former empires of Germany and Austro hungarian
Ottoman Empire
Primary power and threat to European through the 16th/ 17th centuries the OE declined into irrelevance in the 19th
Still held at large land empire European powers and Independence movement by slavs and Arabs would contribute to its demise
OE had depended almost entirely on military conquest and agriculture for its economy
When it could no longer gain territory and when it fought attempts to industrialize its lost its source of wealth
In a last ditch effort to revive territorial standing during WWI it allied itself with an incredibly powerful Germany
Ith Gr and its allies defeat by 1918 the OE would be dismantled and the Sultan removed in favor of a Constitutional republic in 1922
Former territory was dismantled and distributed between victorious powers in the League of nation’s
Mandate System a system that granted OE GR and italians imperial territories to Britain and France
Qing Dynasty
By like 1911 Quing dynasty had suffered defeat from Europe and Japan
Fall from power in E. Asia marked the end of the 2k years of sole dominance and the Han felt the Manchu had lot the mandate of Heaven
Wanting to overthrow the Ineffective government Sun yat sen led a revolt to overthrow the Dynasty in favor of a W constitutional republic
Qing abdicated in 1912 a brief constitutional republic formed the People’s republic of China that quickly ran into trouble
Civil war would continue between communist and capitalist forces in China once the Japanese had been defeated by the americans in 1945
Mexican Revolution
Diaz got his presidency extended by the revolution he was not a fan of traditional establishments such as land owning elites foreign investors and the catholic Church growing calls for reform and even elements of social justice defined the extensive revolutionary struggle
Constitution est. fundamental social rights like the right to free public education health science and culture disestablished
