ap world history unit 5 overview {made with Kai} happy studying~~

AP World History Study Guide: Unit 5

Key Concepts:

1. Revolutions and the Age of Enlightenment

   • Enlightenment Ideas: Explore how philosophers like John Locke, who introduced the concepts of natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and the Social Contract theory, laid the intellectual groundwork for modern democracy and revolutions. Montesquieu contributed to the political sphere by advocating for the separation of powers, which would influence many constitutional designs.

   • American Revolution (1775-1783): Examine the causes such as taxation without representation, the influence of Enlightenment ideas, and the role of key documents like the Declaration of Independence. Discuss the war's outcomes, including the establishment of the United States as a sovereign nation and its revolutionary ideals inspiring movements elsewhere, such as in France and Latin America.

   • French Revolution (1789): Analyze the revolution's phases, including the initial overthrow of the monarchy during the National Assembly, the radicalization during the Reign of Terror led by Maximilien Robespierre, and the eventual rise of Napoleon. Discuss the revolution's long-term effects on French society and its ripple effect across Europe and the Americas, promoting ideas of liberty, fraternity, and equality.

   • Haitian Revolution (1791-1804): Highlight Toussaint Louverture's leadership in the fight against French colonial rule, marking the first successful slave revolt in history. Discuss its significance for enslaved peoples worldwide and its influence on abolitionist movements and political thought regarding race and freedom.

2. Industrialization

   • Causes of the Industrial Revolution: Investigate agricultural advancements like the Agricultural Revolution, which increased food production, thereby supporting population growth. Discuss technological innovations such as the steam engine and spinning jenny that revolutionized industries.

   • Effects of Industrialization: Analyze urbanization as a significant outcome, with people moving to cities for work and how this shift affected social classes, leading to the emergence of a new working class and bourgeoisie. Discuss labor movements advocating for workers' rights, including better wages and working conditions, and the formation of trade unions.

   • Emergence of Ideologies: Understand how capitalism, as advocated by Adam Smith, emphasized free market principles, while socialism sought to address inequalities through collective ownership. Karl Marx's critique of capitalism gave rise to communism, promoting a classless society and the abolition of private property.

3. Imperialism

   • Motives for Imperialism: Analyze economic motives for resource acquisition, political motives for national prestige and military strategy, and cultural motives often cloaked in the guise of a civilizing mission. Discuss how these factors drove Western powers to expand their empires across Asia and Africa.

   • Scramble for Africa: Discuss the Berlin Conference (1884-1885) where European powers divided Africa among themselves, disregarding indigenous boundaries and cultures. Highlight the exploitative practices and resistance movements in various regions, such as the Zulu Wars and the Maji Maji Rebellion.

   • Opium Wars: Examine the conflict between Britain and China over opium trade, leading to the Treaty of Nanking and significant territorial concessions by China, marking the start of a century of humiliation and foreign domination.

   • Resistance Movements: Evaluate the Sepoy Rebellion in India (1857) as a response to cultural insensitivity and exploitation by the British East India Company, leading to direct British governmental control over India.

4. Global Interactions

   • Changes in Global Trade Patterns: Assess how industrialization and imperialism altered trade routes, with increased demand for raw materials leading to exploitation and extraction economies in colonized regions. Discuss the impact of these changes on global markets.

   • Emergence of the Global Economy: Discuss how industrial powers became economically interdependent through increased trade, investment, and migration, creating a global economy that further integrated various regions but often resulted in inequalities.

   • Technological Advances: Analyze how innovations like the steam engine and telegraph facilitated unprecedented global communication and transportation, enabling imperial powers to control vast territories more efficiently.

Key Terms to Know:

• Enlightenment: An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism.

• Social Contract: The theory that people consent to form governments for protection and social order.

• Capitalism: An economic system based on private ownership and the free market.

• Socialism: An economic system advocating for collective or governmental ownership of production.

• Imperialism: The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization or military force.

• Urbanization: The movement of populations from rural areas to cities.

• Nationalism: A strong identification with and pride in one’s nation, often leading to the desire for independence.

Important Figures:

• John Locke: Philosopher advocating for natural rights and governmental responsibility.

• Maximilien Robespierre: Key figure in the French Revolution and leader during the Reign of Terror.

• Toussaint Louverture: Leader of the Haitian Revolution, symbol of anti-colonial and slave uprising.

• Karl Marx: Philosopher and economist known for his critique of capitalism and the formulation of communist theory.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a prominent Enlightenment philosopher known for his ideas on individual freedom and the social contract. He argued that humans are inherently good but are corrupted by society, emphasizing the importance of emotional and moral education. Rousseau's work, particularly "The Social Contract," introduced the idea that legitimacy of political authority comes from the consent of the governed. He believed in the general will, suggesting that the collective desire of the people should guide the state, which influenced democratic thought.

Women's Rights Movement: The women's rights movement emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, advocating for legal equality and social reform. Key points include:

• Suffrage Movement: Focused on gaining women the right to vote. In the U.S., the movement gained traction with the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, leading to the eventual ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

• Social Reform: Addressed issues such as access to education, employment equality, and reproductive rights. Organizations like the National Organization for Women (NOW), founded in 1966, played a significant role in furthering these goals.

• Feminism: Feminist theories evolved through different waves. The first wave centered on legal inequalities, the second wave focused on social inequalities, and the third wave addressed diversity and intersectionality, emphasizing that women’s experiences vary across race, class, and culture.