World Civ Final Study Guide

UNIT 1

1984

The brotherhood: the made-up secret organization that hates big brother created to catch Winston

The inner party: the elite society in Oceania

Who led the brotherhood: Goldstein

The Ministry of Love: Where Winston was tortured

The Ministry of Truth: Falsify records and create propaganda

Thought police: secret police who catch those who commit thought crime

Julia: Winston’s lover

Thought Crime: thoughts that go against Big Brother

Who tortured Winston: O’Brien

China's Contributions to the Modern World

Gun Powder: created by Tang and Song craftsmen

Printing Press: created by the Tang Dynasty

Industrial Revolution

Johannes Gutenberg: introduced printing to Europe

Eli Whitney: interchangeable parts (invented the cotton gin)

James Watt: Steam engine

George Stephenson: Created the first locomotive

Karl Marx: the face of communism, believed classes should revolt, and all land should be publicly owned

Fredrich Engles: a critic of political economy and political theorist

Henry Ford: Assembly line

John D Rockefeller: Controlled all aspects of the oil business (Standard Oil)

Luddites: Destroyed machines in England so they wouldn’t have to work, were hung as a result

Unions: groups of workers who would bargain with employers for concessions, making workers' lives better and therefore less chance of revolt

Robert Owen: took kids out of factories, raised wages, and decreased working hours.

Vertical Trust: control every aspect of the market

Horizontal Trust: Buy out your competitors, you get bigger, amount of competitors decreases: eventually, you control the market

Evolutionary socialism: achieved a little bit at a time, not through a whole transformation

Where did the industrial revolution start: England

UNIT 2

Italian Renaissance

Individualism: the principle or habit and or belief in independent thought or action

Secularism: developing separation between the church and state

Machiavelli: advised princes how to rule, and said it is better to be feared than loved, but better to be feared than hated because hatred leads to rebellion

Situational Ethics: pioneered by Machiavelli, changing concepts of what is right and wrong depending on the circumstances

The ___ justify the ____: ends, means

Pico de la Mirandola: renaissance humanist who said that God created humans to be able to appreciate the splendor of what had been made and that humans have the unique ability to be what they choose to be

Rabelais: renaissance humanist who thought human nature was basically good, claiming people should “Do as thou wilt” (“do as you please”)

Particularism: exclusive attachment to one’s city-state with no loyalty to one's country as a whole

Scientific Revolution

Ptolemy: Greek astronomer responsible for creating a belief in a geocentric solar system

Geocentric Solar system: belief that the earth is at the center of the solar system

Heliocentric solar system: belief that the sun is at the center of the solar system

Universal gravitation: every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses

Galileo: an Italian astronomer who put forth the laws of gravity, recanted in front of the Inquisition

Copernicus: Created a belief in a heliocentric solar system

Laws of planetary motion: planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun, a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit

Kepler: Put forth the laws of planetary motion

Newton: Put forth the laws of gravitation and motion, Using the work of Kepler and Galileo

Inductive Reasoning: Making generalized conclusions based on specific scenarios

Deductive reasoning: Starting with an idea and trying to prove it

Bacon: Pioneered the idea of inductive reasoning

Descartes: Pioneered the idea of deductive reasoning

Cartesian Dualism: Pioneered by Descartes, the idea that the mind and body are distinct and separate

Scientific Method: a method of procedure consisting in observation, measurement, and experiment, and the creation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

Harvey: an English physician, discovered the principles of circulation in the blood

Enlightenment

Voltaire: Said “crush the damn thing” (the Catholic Church), a critic of the Catholic Church

Emile de Chatelet: A female scientist who translated and popularized the work of Newton

Kant: Dared people to think for themselves, dare to know, pioneered categorical imperative

Categorical Imperative: Moral obligations everyone must follow, regardless of who you are, doing what is right (Jewish man, Nazi soldier dying example)

John Locke: The English Philosopher who discovered the natural laws of politics, said your mind at birth is a blank slate, your experiences fill the blank slate, and your experiences shape you

Beccaria: an Italian criminologist, stood against the use of torture and said you can’t trust confessions because people will confess as guilty to end the pain

Jean Jaques Rousseau: a French swiss thinker, wrote the Social Contract

Protestant Reformation

Luther: Said that the sale of indulgences was wrong and corrupt (a way for the church to make money), the church sent Luther a letter saying they would remove him from the Catholic Church, he burned the letter and split with the church creating the Protestant branch of Christianity

Indulgences: a grant by the Pope or his officials ending or shortening ones’ time in purgatory

Purgatory: station in between heaven and earth

Justification by faith alone: Idea pioneered by Luther saying, god is so powerful that faith is what he wants not good works (following the rules of the Catholic Church)

John Calvin: Created Calvinism, a protestant branch of Christianity with the belief in predestination

Predestination: Before you’re even born god decided if you’re going to heaven or hell

The elect: the saved (going to heaven)

The reprobate: the damned (going to hell)

Henry VIII: Broke with the Catholic Church for personal reasons. The Pope wouldn’t grant him a divorce from his wife

Anglican: Created by Henry VIII, a branch of Christianity that is much like Catholocism, but Protestant

UNIT 3

Age of Discovery

Before Europeans arrived, what continents were in the Indian Ocean Basin: Africa and Asia

Kingdom of Axom: Christian Kingdom in Africa

Lowest Hindu Class: Untouchables

Columbus: Spanish explorer who opened a door creating a bridge between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

Magellan: first to circumnavigate the world, proved the earth was round, proved the world's oceans were interconnected, increased Maritime trade

DaGama: First to sail from Europe to India

Dias: First to sail around Africa (the Cape of Good Hope)

Zheng He: Chinese Explorer who led very large ships and expeditions

Emperor Yongle: Emperor of the Ming Dynasty

To provide funds for a voyage: Underwrite an expedition

High Sea: an area that everyone is allowed to sail in

Safe conduct passes: allow safe passage through an occupying force's territory

Chinese merchants murdered where: in the Philippines

d’Albequerque: led Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean in the 16th century

Captain Cook: charted the uncharted waters of the Pacific

Cultural Diffusion: Happens when many cultures interact on an ongoing basis (Ex: Chinese food in the US)

Globalization: the process of interaction among people, companies, and governments worldwide

Dona Marina: an Aztec “slave” who helped the Spanish’s conquest of Mexico

Dona Marina’s name in Spanish: La Malinche

Transatlantic slave trade: slaves from Africa brought to the Americas

Maritime trade: trading via water

The Spanish burnt Technochtitlan down, what is the name for this: Seige

UNIT 4

War and Rebellion

Cortes: Conquered the Aztecs

Pizzaro: Conquered the Incas

Ecomienda: The forced labor system of the Aztecs

Virgin soil diseases/epidemics: illnesses that sweep through populations with no prior exposure and no immunity to it

Anarchic Civil War in France: An Absence of Government, Catholics v. Huguenots, 9 Catholics: 1 Huguenot, led to mass executions, eventually the people of France realized they couldn’t carry on like this

Hugeunots: French Protestants

Heretic: someone not of your religion

Thirty Years War: Catholics v. Protestants, four waves of fighting, troops from every European country fought, took Germany 200 years to recover

Definistration of Prague: Protestants threw Catholic officials out the window, but they survived sparking the Thirty Years War

Seven Years' War: a war over money, French Spanish, and Dutch v. England and Prussia, fought in 3 oceans, 2 groups of Proxy fighters (Native Americans and Indians) also called sepoys, Prussia saved England

Atrocity: an extremely wicked or cruel act

Proxy fighters: soldiers who join foreign armies to further their own agenda

Sepoys: Soldiers who would fight for either side

To change a system to improve it: Reform

Opposition to political or social progress: Reaction

Subduing someone by force: Repression

Pugachev: Ignited a rebellion in Russia against Catherine the Great because peasants were being sold, having to do factory and mine work, beaten, etc., the true target of the rebellion was the Boyars making the peasants do those things, but since C the G was in power it was against her

Catherine the Great: Russian leader who wanted to reform Russia wanted to limit the power of the

Boyars: Russian nobles

Hong Xi Quan: claimed he was the brother of Jesus, said he would bring justice to China and was the leader of the Taiping rebellion.

Boukman: Voodoo priest, an early leader of the Haitian revolution, died early in the fighting.

Toussaint: Organized and led a slave revolt to get rid of the French

Haitian Revolution: Set on Hispanola, gons de Coleaur started a rebellion against the French, very confusing, Mulattos (biracial people), Maroon communities (escaped slaves), and slaves joined as well as Spanish and British (all fighting against the French

Weapons asymmetry: unequal fighting between two parties because of weapons, resources, etc., leads to quick fighting because one side is outmatched

Leopold II: From Belgium, exploited the Congo, asymmetrical warfare, native Congolese died through slave labor and exploitation

Colonialism: The policy of gaining complete control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically

Imperialism: The policy of extending a country's power and influence through military force

Boer War: Dutch settlers v. British in South Africa, weapons symmetry leading to a 3 year conflict, the British win

Concentration Camps: First seen in the Boer War

Omdurman: Sudanese v. British, weapons asymmetry, 11,000 Sudanese dead, 28 British dead

Napoleon: French military commander who won 52/60 of his battles, had a failed campaign in Russia

Scorched Earth Policy: the military strategy of burning or destroying crops, buildings, or other resources that might be of use to the invading army (was used by Russia when Napolean entered)

Beaver Wars: Iriqoi v. Heron, Iriqoi were fighting for the Dutch and won because they were supplied with guns from the Dutch; the beaver population went down because they were used for pelts.

Opium Wars: British introduced opium (morphine) to China, creating a huge drug problem in China

Lin: appointed to stop the drug problem in China, destroyed 20,000 chests of Opium.

Nayum: Had an attitude saying it’s God who helped destroy the Assyrians, not the people.

UNIT 5

Constitutionalism: Government by a set of principles and precedents, not by a monarch

Absolutism: government set by a monarch who has great power

Cromwell: leader of the Puritans (Protestants) in the British parliament, got King Charles I beheaded and became an English monarch

King Charles I: Was executed for tyranny and treason by the English Parliament

Regicide: killer of a king (Cromwell)

William and Mary: Constitutional English monarchs oversaw moves towards parliamentary democracy, didn’t have absolute power, got offered the throne by England

7 Year Civil War in England: Parliament v. King Charles I

Cardinal Richelieu: Man behind the throne of King Louis XIV

King Louis XIV: Example of Royal Absolutism, French monarch (Versailles)

Divine Right of Kings: criticizing the king is like criticizing God

Peter the Great: Completely changed Russia, Westernized Russian culture, copied administrative methods of France, England, and the Netherlands, fully reformed the army

Absolute Power Corrupts: Absolutely

Recalcitrant: people who oppose authority

Matteo Ricci: A jesuit priest, tried to introduce Catholicism to China

Hong Wu: A Chinese peasant turned revolutionary leader, was a dictator, ruled well but erratically (ex: killed his chancellor because he thought he was going to murder him but had no evidence of the chancellor wanting to do so)

Mandarins: Provincial administrators under Hong Wu

Tokugawa: The man most responsible for the unification of Japan

Shogun: A Japanese title meaning “military governor”

Sengoku: Japanese name for “a country at war”

The daimyo: Powerful territorial lords in Japan**

Alternate Residence Policy: forced nobles to spend every other year in the Tokugawa Court

Spanish Conquest of the Philippines: An event that made Shoguns control Japanese contact with foreigners

Only European Country Japan traded with: The Dutch

Went up greatly in Japan in the 17th century: Agricultural Production

Japanese Infanticide: called “thinning out the rice shoots”

Social Model the Japanese copied: China

Had their status increase overtime: The merchant class

Deshima: an artificial island where the Dutch traded with Japan

Aztecs ruled by: State terrorism

Patron Deity of Warriors: The Aztec protective God of soldiers

Top of the Aztec Social Hierarchy: Military Elite

Standing army: An army that never disbands

Tribute: a tax that the loser of a battle/war has to pay

Punitive Expeditions: Aztecs sent military forces to punish subject tribes for not complying to Aztecs' requests

Reprisal: retalliation

How did the Aztecs please the gods: They sacrificed people (especially those from conquered tribes)

What was given to accomplished Aztec warriors: Land Grants

Bismarck: Unified Germany

Bismark wanted Germany to be centered around what country: Prussia23