Asia and Africa 2
Han falls -lots of chaos, disorder, invasion from the north -they will pull it together Sui Dynasty -1st dynasty that reunited china -didn't last long
re-established Confucian government, social and political order -bring ideas from han dynasty -completes grand canal grand canal -parallel rivers -created to benefit china -world's longest/oldest canal -links northern and southern china -easy to transport goods -major technological project -contains dams to equalize the water levels Tang Dynasty -period of prosperity/restores china's glory -tributary states -Empress Wu -expansion of civil service exams and Confucian bureaucracy -Land reform Tributary States -Vietnam, Tibet, Korea, and Japan
self-governing areas that pay tribute to China -send diplomats to bring gifts to Emperors kowtow -wanting knowledge and trade agreements with China -cultural diffusion; learning abt Chinese gov, art, law and confusionism Kowtow - a Chinese custom of the delegate bowing down to emperor -sit, kneel, or lie on the flooring handing him gifts -no one's head is supposed to be higher than the emperor's Empress Wu -only true female empress of China
started off as a concubine to the emperor gained favor from the emperor because she gave him multiple sons -declared herself "son of heaven" -promoted Buddhism (only ruler to support it openly) -people feared her but was respected -executes rivals -filled gov w/ Confucius scholars/ made everyone pass civil service exams -set up schools Jinshi - title given to those who pass all levels of the civil service, philosophy, and legal system exams
treated with RESPECT
secure a future for their family/ status -closet advisors to emperor Land reform (Tang Dynasty) - breaking up agricultural states, redistributing the land to peasants
make peasants happy and make them tax payers
allows emperor to keep mandate longer
weakens the power of large land owners Sign of loosing mandate -Corruption, high taxes, gods sending famine (causing rebellion) Song Dynasty longer dynasty than the tang but ruled over less territory
had military difficulties with nomads -flourished culturally and economically with lots of inventions -improved agriculturally led to population growth grand canal -grew Champa rice (cultural diffusion from Vietnam)
comrcial expansion grew (silk road) and urban growth Inventions of the tang and song -gunpowder -porcelain -wood blocking and moveable type -paper money (easier for trade)
magnetic compass
mechanical clock some inventions don't really spread out to other areas society in the Tang/Song Dynasties -based on confucianism
emperor and his court were the hierarchy
gentry class (wealthy)
peasants ( working class)
merchants (bottom of social status) -women status was based on foot-binding Gentry - wealthy land owning class
under the aristocracy
most people in this class were scholars, artist, poets
spent most of time studying, panting
valued Confucian ideas of duty and position in society Peasants (tang and song) -work on land
move up in society from civil service exams (not likely) Merchants (tang and song) - at the bottom bc they did not make anything
does not align with the confucius idea of working
could be wealthy Foot-binding - came about from a dancer
a way to stop women from moving (sex)
bound feet around the age of 5 or 6
wanted feet like lotus petals (more marriageable)
mothers did this to their daughters so they will be seen as pretty in societies eyes
all social class took art in foot binding
some peasants avoided foot binding bc their families needed them to work Mongol Empire - nomads who created the largest land empire *move across Asia conquering everything china to Russia, not India) *Russia was more of tributary state
they destroyed civilization/everything when they would conquer
extremely brutal and savage
became tolerant rulers once they conquered
separated into tribes becoming khans
united over Genghis Khan
very disciplined military (fierce warriors, excellent horsemen)
divide into 4 khanates after the death of Genghis Khan to his 4 heirs ( 3 sons and 1 grandson)
mongols ruled peacefully (Pax Mongolica)
empire went from pacific ocean to eastern europe khan mongol word for cheif Pax Mongolica Peace of the Mongols Genghis Khan - Original name Temujin
united the Mongol Empire
name means universal ruler Description of Mongol Period - once conquered very peaceful
allowed everyone to practice own religion
very tolerant of all kinds of people
have to abide by rules
open to learning new things from other cultures/ the conquered people
encouraged trade networks (allowed cultural diffusion)
@ its peak had 100 million peole Yuan Dynasty - china dynasty in Mongol rule
ruled by Kublai Khan
overthrew last song ruler 1st time in Chinese History ruled by barbarians -Mongol and Chinese culture were kept separate -opened up China to more trade
Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo
biggest impact is China starts trading and experiencing the outside world
after death of Kublai Khan dynasty goes into a decline Kublai Khan Grandson of Genghis Khan Mongol and Chinese Culture - Mongol wanted to keep their own culture but take SOME Chinese ideas
NO friendship or marriage between the two
Chinese Confucius scholars could be advisors to Kublai Khan but have no power
Mongols taxed Chinese and weren't allowed serve in Military
footbinding forbidden for Mongol women
Mongols had very strong powerful women Marco Polo - Italian Merchant who spent 17 years in China
Wrote a book, The Travels of Marco Polo, describing how wealthy and advanced the court is
made people want to visit China Ming Dynasty - 2nd to last dynasty in the History of China
Zhu Yuanzhang founder of Dynasty
bring back traditional Chinese values of Confucianism and civil service exams
culture and economy begin to flourish (agricultural and manufacturing)
built more portions to the great wall trying to keep out invasions
built Forbidden City Zhu Yuanzhang - founded Ming Dynasty
leads a peasant army that forced Mongols back beyond the Great Wall Ming brilliant Forbbiden City - current day Beijing
called an Imperial Palace -built to house and protect the Emperor his family and the court
home to 24 Chinese Emperors
9,999 rooms -very well guarded watchtowers with guards having bows
called forbidden because no one was allowed to enter
had big gold bowls all round palace filled w/ water just in case of a fire Zheng He - Chinese Muslim
made 7 total voyages and died on the 7th one
goal was to promote trade and collect tribute
lead sea voyages with 300 ships
had small ships and treasure ships
traded silk, porcelain, spices, ivory, pearls, brought back exotic animals like giraffe and ostrich
very different for China bc they did not associate w/ others treasure ships - huge ships apart of Zheng He voyages
had abt 28,000 sailors and soliders
took on treasure
the smaller boats contained goods and patrol boats incase of attack End of Voyages - Ming emperor burned all of the ships and closed all of the ports
wanted the money to go to agriculture instead of voyages Korea - Tributary State adopt a lot of ideas from China but adapt them to Korean culture
adopt Mahayana Buddhism (worships Buddha as a god)
adopt confucianism (filial piety, 5 key relationships, civil service exams)
bridge between China and Japan
3 dyansties
at first adopted Chinese writing but too difficult so they created Hangul Hangul Korean alphabet 3 korean Dynasties Silla, Koryo, (Mongol control), Choson Japan - archipelago
4 main islands
have lots of respect for nature and the sea
isolated from other cultures and protected from invasion (no mongols)
very pure culture
tsunamis
influence from China comes from Korea Archipelago A chain of islands Shinto meaning the way of the Kami Shinto - a religion from Japan
the Kami were natural powers within nature
must honor them to keep them from harming you
not an international religion
lots of Shinto shrines *mountains, waterfalls, oddly shape rocks) Influences on Japan - Nature
Korea
Selective Borrowing Korea's influence on Japan - lots of cultural diffusion due to constant contact
Japanese language is distantly related to Korea
Buddhism from missionaries Selective Borrowing - a process of which japan adopted some Chinese ways but discarded some and modified others
Prince Shotoku creates Japan as a tributary state *adopt Confucianism, writing, and military/ called son of heaven, heavenly emperor
tried to bring civil service but didn't work
tried Chinese writing but created own called Kana -adot tea ceremony, food, music and dance Heian Period - Yomato Emperor was powerful but real power was in the Fuijwara family
made sure Japan had its own identity
flourishing culture and imperial court Fuijwara family held the real power in Heian period Court Life in Heian Period - consisted of Emperors ad courtiers -lived in separate areas
minimal contact w/ peasants and agricultural workers
very sophisticated and rigid
had lots of luxuries
lived in strict codes (polite behavior, formality w/ one another, under constant scrutiny)
surrounded in a world of gossip, status, and secret love affairs gossiping can bring status up and bring that person's status down Tale of Genji - 1st novel ever written
written by Lady Murasaki
about the Emperor's son Genji and all his love affairs
gives an insight to the shallow lives the court is living, rise and fall of social life, false feelings
women during this time undertook art (poetry, music, etc.) Feudalism - formed from japan's central gov losing control
called a shogunate
Nobility Class ( emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai)
Emperor is face of feudalism but the shogun has the actual power
Commoners ( peasants, artisans and merchants) shogunate The rule of the shoguns Nobility Class - Order: Emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai
ruling class
has all o the power, military, socially
owned most of land
Code of Bushido
Adopted Zen Buddhism (meditative version) *idea of discipline/ focus mind Shogun - chief military warrior in feudalism Daimyos - vassals of the shogun
have lots of land and in return are loyal and give service to military Samurai (meaning) those who serve Samurai - vassals to daimyos
trained warriors -ride on horse back, skilled in may weapons the katana
for their service, they would either receive land or something equivalent to it Code of Bushido - must have honor, courage, loyalty, obedience
reputation extremely important
if code was not lived up to you have to commit seppuku
does not talk about women Bushido "the way of the warrior" Seppuku -ritual suicide
take katana plunge in belly and move it around to cut up insides -doing this act shows your courage and restores honor to your family Commoners - no power
order: artisans, peasants, merchants
have no social status and cannot rise
some served in military
lived on daimyo and samurai land
were not held to the same standards as nobility class
not allowed to do anything that would give of the vibe of them being the nobility class * if so execution* Peasants - made up 75% of society
cultivated rice and crops Artisans - sword makers
good for samurai class merchants (feudalism) - lowest because they didn't create anything
could be wealthy just not good status Women in Feudalism - were allowed to be Samurai's @ 1st
honored and trained by fathers/brothers
ran family estates
as feudalism becomes more engrained women level in society declines
only sons can inherit more patriarchal
women become seen as useless and are only there to serve warrior fathers and husbands Katana - samurai sword
symbol of Japanese status, nobility, military and culture 3 major Shogunates - Kamakura, Ashikaga, Tokugawa Kamukara Shogunate - 1st shogunate
defeated Mongol invasions w/ help of Kamikaze
weakened bc their attention was defeating the mongols and not uniting the shogunate Kamikaze divine winds Ashikaga Shogunate - Weak shogunate bc the Daimyo's had more power
1st introduction to European goods guns
weakened Samurai ( no need for them when the have guns) Tokugawa Shogunate - most powerful
shoguns brought peace and prosperity to Japan
peace hurt samurai
Make all daimyo's move to Edo ( make sure the shoguns have control over them)
centralized feudalism Kabuki Theater - During the Tokugawa shogunate
theater last all day
had actors, pantomime, elaborate costumes, wore thick white make-up
created by women but they were forbidden to participate
females roles played by men Southeast Asia - smaller civilizations that traded and farmed
received lots of different religions through trade Khmer Empire - cambodia, thailand, malaysia
lot of the leaders were hindu and commoners were buddhist
angkor wat
lot of India influence Angkor Wat - a muslim temple
the captial of Khmer Empire
consisted of temples and buildings -had hindu myths written on building and then bring in Buddhist statues Srivijaya Empire - trading empire in Indonesia
hindu, buddhist then islamic Vietnam - tributary state to China
adopted Mahayana Buddhism Southeast Asia Muslim Countries - Malaysia and Indonesia Southeast Asia Buddhist Counties - Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam
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