1. Absolutism: type of government stressing Divine Right and total control by a King 

2. Akbar Style: the style of Indo-Islamic architecture conceived during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar 

3. Anglican Church: the Protestant Church created by King Henry VIII in England 

4. Anne Boleyn: second wife of King Henry VIII 

5. Banners: originally established in 1639 by the Qing dynasty, the Eight Banners were administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed. Banners quickly evolved into the basis of Manchu military organization, with each required to raise and support a prescribed number of troops 

6. Canto: a song or ballad; a term adapted by Dante to mean one of the principal divisions of a long poem 

7. Cardinal Richelieu: a French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman who served as King Louis XIII's Chief Minister from 1624 

8. Castes: also called jatis, strict social groupings designated at birth for Hindus 

9. Catherine the Great: German queen who ruled in absolute over Russia after her husband died and doubled Russia's size due to her military experience 

10. Catholic Reformation: the Catholics attempt to fix their problems and combat the Protestant Reformation 

11. Charles I: King of England who was legally tried and executed for treason 

12. Charles V: Emperor of Spain, New Spain, Austria, Holy Roman Empire and Burgundy 

13. Cossacks: peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia and who combined agriculture with military conquests 

14. Council of Trent: (1545-1563) corrected some of the worst of the Catholic church's abuses and focused on reaffirming rituals such as marriage 

15. Czar: The Russian word for Emperor (Caesar) 

16. Daimyo: A powerful noble in early modern Japan 

17. Devshirme: in the Ottoman Empire, a system (literally, "collection") of training talented children to be administrators or members of the sultan's harem; originally meritocratic, by the seventeenth century it had degenerated into a hereditary caste 

18. Diet of Worms: assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521 where Martin Luther was put on trial; Charles V declared Luther an outlaw 

19. Divine Right: the idea behind absolutism which says that God chose a specific king to rule 

20. Dyarchy: during the Qing dynasty in China, a system in which all important national and provincial administrative positions were shared equally by Chinese and Manchus, which helped consolidate both the Manchus' rule and their assimilation 

21. Edict of Nantes: issued by King Henry IV and allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith 

22. Emperor Kangxi: emperor of the Qing dynasty, greatly expanded China's borders 

23. Emperor Qianlong: Emperor who reigned from 1736-1795. He was approached by Lord Macartney about liberalizing the trade restrictions but turned down the offer claiming that Europe had nothing to offer China 

24. Empiricism: the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation 

25. English Bill of Rights: English document that creates a separation of powers by using Parliament to limit the Monarch and grants more basic rights to the Middle Classes 

26. English Civil War: Fight between the English Parliament and Royalty over political issues (1642-1649) 

27. Erasmus: Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe 

28. Francis Xavier: a companion of Saint Ignatius of Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits who took vows of poverty and chastity at Montmartre, Paris in 1534; led an extensive mission into Asia, mainly in the Portuguese Empire of the time and was influential in evangelization work, most notably in India. 

29. Ghazi: Muslim religious warriors 

30. Grand Vizier: the chief minister in the Ottoman Empire, under the Great Sultan 

31. Gunpowder Empires: The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires which relied heavily on gunpowder and firearms to expand their territory 

32. Gutenberg Printing Press: allowed books to be printed instead of handwritten and increased literacy 

33. Harem: the private living quarters of a ruler such as the sultan in the Ottoman Empire or the caliph of Baghdad; generally large and mostly inhabited by the extended family 

34. Henry VIII: King of England who created the Anglican Church so he could get a divorce from his wife and find another woman who could provide him with an heir 

35. Heresy: an idea or belief that goes against accepted Christian belief 

36. Hidden Imam: part of Shi'ite teaching that claims that all rulers appointed are temporary "fill-ins" for the 12th descendent of Ali who is expected to return as a messiah 

37. Imam: A person who leads prayer in a Muslim mosque 

38. Indulgences: a piece of paper someone could buy to be forgiven of sins 

39. Infidel: someone who does not believe the way someone else does; one of no faith 

40. Inquisitions: tribunals for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy 

41. Intendants: Royal officials in France sent out to provinces to execute orders of the central government 

42. Isfahan: the capital city of Iran during the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I in 1598

43. Ismail: early Safavid military hero who conquered most of Persia and pushed into Iraq

44. Istanbul: the new name given to Constantinople when the Ottoman Empire conquered it 

45. Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible): absolute king of Russia who first used the term "Czar" and had two distinct periods of rule 

46. Janissaries: an elite core of eight thousand troops personally loyal to the sultan of the Ottoman Empire 

47. Jesuits: religious order founded in 1540 that opposed the spread of Protestantism 

48. John Calvin: the founder of the Calvinist Church in Geneva Switzerland 

49. Jizya: tax levied by Islamic states on certain non-Muslim subjects (dhimmis) who were permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law 

50. Justices of the Peace: officials selected by the landed gentry to maintain peace in the countries of England and carry out the monarch's laws 

51. Kabuki: a form of Japanese theater that developed in the seventeenth century. Originally disreputable, it became a highly stylized art form 

52. Limited Monarchy: a government in which a King rules with a Parliament that limits his power

53. Louis XIV: French king who is considered to be the best example of Absolutism due to how much control he had over his kingdom 

54. Macao: Chinese shipping city under the Qing Dynasty and Portuguese 

55. Manchuria: A region of northeast China and the home of the Manchus who ruled China from 1644- 1912 

56. Manchus: ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name 

57. Mansabs: grants of land in India given in return for military or government service to the Mughal Empire 

58. Martin Luther: German monk who began the Protestant Reformation with his written work, 95 Theses 

59. Mateo Ricci: an Italian Jesuit priest who was one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions. His 1602 map of the world in Chinese characters introduced the findings of European exploration of East Asia 

60. Mehmet II: ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1451 who wanted to capture Constantinople and topple the Byzantine Empire 

61. Millets: independent court of law in which members of the Ottoman community could have self-rule 

62. Mughal Empire: Muslim empire ruling India from the 16th to 18th centuries 

63. Muscovy: the Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination from 1276 to 1598 

64. Ninety-five Theses: The List of grievances written by Martin Luther, which began the Reformation

65. Oliver Cromwell: a soldier who defeated Charles I during the English Civil War and then created a military dictatorship 

66. Osmanli: the language of the court/government which shared basic grammar and vocabulary with the Turkish language but had distinct Arabic and Persian elements that made it different than local villagers 

67. Ottoman Empire: Turkish empire in the Middle East and North Africa from 1453-1918 

68. Peace of Augsburg: each German state could choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran 

69. Peace of Westphalia: allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism 

70. Peter the Great: Russian czar who built St. Petersburg and westernized Russia 

71. Philip II: took over Spain in 1555 from his father Charles V 

72. Puritans: non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England 

73. Predestination: the idea that God chose in advance who would be saved and who would not 

74. Propaganda: Information of a biased nature, used to promote a particular political cause 

75. Protestant Reformation: Religious movement when people broke away from the Catholic Church 76.Qing Empire: Chinese dynasty lasting from 1644 to 1911 

77. Rajputs: regional princes in western India who emphasized military control of their regions 78. Red Fort: located in Delhi, India, this was the main residence of emperors of the Mughal dynasty during the 17th century 

79. Ronin: Japanese warriors were made unemployed by developments in the early modern era since samurai were forbidden to engage in commerce 

80. Safavid Empire: Muslim Empire in Persia from 1501-1722 

81. Serfs: peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of feudalism 

82. Shah: the title a king takes in the Safavid Empire 

83. Shah Abbas I: ruler of the Safavid Empire from 1588-1629 during its height 

84. Sharia: a strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, marital laws, and inheritance 

85. Shi'ite: one of the sects of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad 

86. Sikhism: developed from Hinduism and may have been influenced by the Islamic mysticism known as Sufism 

87. Simony: buying or selling something spiritual or closely connected with the spiritual 88.Spanish Inquisition: organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or contrary opinions from Protestants, Jews, and Muslims 

89. Suleiman the Magnificent: tenth and longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire 90.Sultan: the title a king takes in the Ottoman Empire 

91. Sunni Ali: king of the Songhai Empire in sub-Saharan Africa that controlled Timbuktu in the 15th century 

92. Taj Mahal: located in Agra, India, this structure was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, to house the tomb of his favorite wife 

93. Tamerlane: Timur the Lame, a Mongol Turkic ruler who invaded Central Asia and the Middle East setting the stage for the rise of the Turkic Empires 

94. Tax Farmers: process in which the highest bidder was granted permission to collect the taxes and then pay a portion to the government 

95. Thirty Years' War: war between Catholics and Protestants in and around the Holy Roman Empire

96. Tokugawa Ieyasu: the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which effectively ruled Japan from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868 

97. Versailles: the palace of French King Louis XIV 

98. Witch Hunts: a period when 110,000 women were tried as witches in Western Europe 

99. Zamindars: Indian tax collectors who were assigned land from which they kept part of the revenue

100. Zheng He: a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty