UI foundations 

$Limited Government$ - A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and bound by a constitution.

\ $Natural Rights$ - the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property ( pursuit of happiness)

\ $Popular Sovereignty$ - A government in which the people rule by their own consent.

Republicanism - A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws

\ $Social Contract$ - An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed example: Rousseau's ideas

\ $participatory democracy$ - is a model of democracy in which citizens have the power to decide directly on policy and politicians are responsible for implementing those policy decisions.

\ $pluralist democracy$ - a model of democracy in which no one group dominates politics and organized groups compete with each other to influence policy.

\ $elite democracy$ - a model of democracy in which a small number of people, usually those who are wealthy and well-educated, influence political decision-making. Think of the aristocracy in society

\ $Federalism$ - A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments example: layer cake

\ $concurrent powers$ - powers shared by the national and state governments ex: power to tax

\ $Mandates$ - a requirement or an order from the central government that all state and local governments must comply with. ex: Americans with disabilities act

\ $revenue sharing$ - 1972-1986 - Distribution of fixed amount or share of federal tax revenues to the states for spending on almost any govt. purpose

\ $categorical grants$ - Federal funds for specific purposes, such as building an airport or textbooks

\ $block grants$ - Federal funds given to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services. example: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

\ $enumerated powers$ - Powers of the federal government that are explicitly named in the Constitution.Examples: power to borrow money, power to declare war, and create a post office.

\ $implied powers$ - Powers of the federal government that are not explicitly named in the Constitution but are inferred so that the federal government can carry out its enumerated powers. Example right to establish a bank thru necessary and proper clause

\ $US vs Lopez$ - The Court held that Congress had exceeded its commerce clause power by prohibiting guns in schools. example: gun violence in current society issue

\ $Marbury v. Madison$ - This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review.

\ $reserved powers$ - Powers held by the states through the 10th Amendment. Any power not granted to the US government reverts to the states

\ i$nherent powers$ - powers that are given to our government, simply because we are a government example: Louisiana purchase

\ $Cooperative Federalism (marble cake$) - A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government.

\ $Dual Federalism (Layer Cake)$ - clear division of governing authority between national and state governments.

\ $New Federalism (Devolution)$ - The process of giving power back to the states; Reagan (block grants) & Nixon (revenue sharing)

\ $10th Amendment$ - The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

\ $McCulloch v. Maryland$ - Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than state law.