APUSH 2nd Trimester Final Exam Review
APUSH 2nd Trimester Final Exam Review
Ch. 13: Westward Expansion & War (1844-1860)
Manifest Destiny
Definition: The 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the United States across the American continents was both justified and inevitable.
Expansion & the Election of 1844
Key Issues: Included debates over the annexation of Texas, the Oregon territory, and potential war with Mexico.
Candidates: James K. Polk (Democrat) focused on territorial expansion; Henry Clay (Whig) took a more cautious stance.
Mexican-American War
Causes: Involvement of U.S. forces at the Rio Grande and annexation of Texas.
Key Events: Battles of Palo Alto, Monterrey, and Buena Vista.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Signed in 1848, ending the Mexican-American War.
Territorial Gains: U.S. acquired California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico.
Significance: Increased tensions over slavery in acquired territories.
Wilmot Proviso
Proposed to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico, leading to increased sectional conflict.
Compromise of 1850
Series of laws aimed at resolving disputes over slavery in territories.
Key Components: California admitted as a free state; harsher Fugitive Slave Act; popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Created Kansas and Nebraska territories with popular sovereignty to decide on slavery.
Led to violent confrontations known as "Bleeding Kansas."
Ch. 14: The Civil War (1861-1865)
Causes of the Civil War
Key issues included slavery, states' rights, and economic disparities between the North and South.
Secession
Southern states began seceding from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860.
Major Battles
War began with the Battle of Fort Sumter; significant battles included Gettysburg, Antietam, and Shiloh.
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by Lincoln in 1863, it declared the freedom of all enslaved people in Confederate-held territory.
End of the War
War officially ended with Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House in 1865.
Reconstruction
The process of rebuilding the South and integrating formerly enslaved people into society, with key amendments passed (13th, 14th, 15th).
Ch. 15: Reconstruction and the New South (1865-1890)
Reconstruction Plans
Various approaches by Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress on how to reintegrate the Southern states.
Civil Rights
The rise of the Ku Klux Klan and Jim Crow laws aimed to suppress African American rights.
Economic Changes
Sharecropping system became prevalent, significantly impacting Southern agriculture and economics.
End of Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction as federal troops withdrew from the South.
Ch. 16: The Study of the West and the rise of the New Nation (1865-1890)
Post-Civil War Transformation
The Westward movement was characterized by industrialization, the expansion of railroads, and an influx of immigrants seeking opportunities.
Land grants and treaties facilitated the settlement of territories.
Native American Displacement
Native populations faced violent conflicts known as the Indian Wars and forced relocations.
Policies such as the Dawes Act aimed to assimilate Native Americans into American society, resulting in loss of tribal land.
Ch. 17: Industrialization and Urbanization (1865-1910)
Growth of Industry
The late 19th century saw rapid industrial growth fueled by new technologies and access to natural resources.
Key figures included Andrew Carnegie in steel and John D. Rockefeller in oil.
Labor Movement
Workers organized strikes and unions protesting poor working conditions and low wages, leading to events like the Haymarket Affair.
Ch. 18: Immigration and the Rise of Cities (1880-1920)
Wave of Immigration
Massive influx of immigrants from Europe and Asia transformed American demographics.
Major ethnic enclaves emerged in urban areas, contributing to cultural diversity.
Urban Challenges
Rapid urbanization led to overcrowded living conditions, sanitation issues, and the rise of political machines.
Ch. 19: Political Reforms and the Progressive Era (1890-1920)
Progressive Movement
Aimed to address problems from industrialization, including labor rights and women's suffrage.
Important figures included Theodore Roosevelt and Florence Kelley.
Social Reforms
Initiatives included child labor laws, Prohibition (18th Amendment), and the right to vote for women (19th Amendment).
Ch. 20: American Imperialism (1890-1914)
Expansionism Policy
The U.S. began to exert influence through territorial acquisitions such as Hawaii, Alaska, and territories acquired after the Spanish-American War (Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines).
Justifications included economic interests and the idea of the "White Man's Burden."
Ch. 21: World War I and Its Aftermath (1914-1920)
U.S. Involvement in WWI
Entry was prompted by unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram in 1917.
Wilson's Fourteen Points outlined his vision for post-war peace.
Domestic Impact
The war spurred economic growth and led to the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities.
Ch. 22: The Roaring Twenties (1920-1929)
Cultural Changes
The decade was marked by Jazz music, the Harlem Renaissance, and shifting social norms.
Economic prosperity led to consumerism and changes in gender roles.
Stock Market Crash
The speculative stock market led to a crash in 1929, foreshadowing the Great Depression.
Ch. 23: The Great Depression and the New Deal (1930-1939)
Economic Collapse
The stock market crash caused widespread unemployment and poverty.
The Dust Bowl exacerbated agricultural disaster in the Midwest.
New Deal Programs
FDR’s efforts included economic reforms and public works programs aimed at relief, recovery, and reform.
Ch. 24: World War II and Its Impact (1939-1945)
U.S. Entry into WWII
The attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 led to U.S. involvement in the war.
The war effort mobilized the economy and altered gender roles in the workforce.
Post-War America
The conclusion of the war led to the emergence of the U.S. and the Soviet Union as superpowers and initiated the beginning of the Cold War.