AP Hug Unit 3 Term List

Culture - Social behavior and norms found in a society, as well as knowledge (language), beliefs and values (religion), arts, laws, and customs. Tied to place, originates in a hearth and comes as a result of SURVIVAL. Proves order and structure to people's lives, STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM. In the increasingly modernized world, local and popular culture exist in same places (diverse)

Folk Culture (country) - small group, homogeneous (similar) group, exclusively RURAL and is cohesive in cultural traits. Lived like their ancestors. Amish are NOT folk culture, they fear modern technology, but live in a rural area

Popular/Dominant Culture - large group, a heterogeneous (diverse) group, typically urban and experiences quickly changing cultural traits. Dominant preferences. Diffuses quickly around the world with technology diffusion. TIME SPACE COMPRESSION. 

Local Culture - a group of people in a place who can see themselves as a community who share common experiences, customs, and traits. For a uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others. They are sustained by customs and “tokenism/commodification.” (the practice of making only a perfunctory or symbolic effort to be inclusive to members of minority groups) Focuses on SCALE. RURAL local culture is retained through rural spatial isolation (Solvang). URBAN local culture is preserved through ethnic neighborhoods (Italians in Boston). 

Material Culture - Anything that can be physically seen on the landscape. Physically tangible or changeable. (food, clothes, art, architecture, etc.)

Nonmaterial Culture - The beliefs, aesthetics, and values of a group of people. Non-Tangible culture. (religion, etc.)

Hierarchical Diffusion - The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places. Diffusion that happens from the top of the society and makes its way down. (Opinion Leaders, politicians, journalists, celebrities, etc.)  

Contagious Diffusion - Spread of ideas from person to person. (word of mouth, social media)

Expansion Diffusion - develops in the hearth but spreads outwards

Hearth - the region in which ideas originate from

Assimilation - Process of less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture

Custom - a practice a group routinely follows (holidays, celebrations, eating, dancing, and sports). A group must hold onto customs to retain local culture among popular/dominant culture

Cultural Appropriation - the process by which dominant cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit

Cultural Relativism - the evaluation of another culture by that culture’s own standards. Embracing cultures. 

Ethnocentrism - the evaluation of another culture by one's own culture’s standards. Opposite of cultural relativism. 

Neolocalism - trying to reconnect and revive ones old culture/traditions 

Ethnic Neighborhood - a neighborhood with distinctive ethnic composition

Commodification - transforming something into a product for commercial purposes (many times seen in cultural appropriation)

Authenticity - the accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs

Distance Decay - Typically, the farther away one group is from another, the less likely the two groups are to interact. Diffusion decreases as distance increases. 

Time-Space Compression - The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems. Made by David Harvey. Applies to POPULAR CULTURE but only applies to city-city connection. Places without transportation or communication are more disconnected than ever. A cultural barrier (DIGITAL DIVIDE). This is because technology links places. 

Opinion Leaders - individuals who exert direct or indirect social influence over others (politicians, celebrities, etc.)

Reterritorialization - traits diffuse but are changed in different localities to match values of local culture (STIMULUS diffusion) or a place gets reterritorialization when a new group takes over

Cultural Landscape - The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape. 

Agriculture

Religion

Linguistics (Language)

Sequent Occupance 

Architecture 

Placelessness - the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next. Results from diffusion of architectural forms and planning ideas, business, and products

Global-Local Continuum - what happens at global scale affects what happens at local scale and vice versa. (interconnected relationships across space)

Glocalization - when a place adopts a culture and makes it fits local preference. A product can make money. (More likely to succeed)

Gender - Social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between the sexes.

Identity - the way one’s self is classified. (Race, ethnicity, age, gender, personality, nationality, behavior, class) 

Identifying Against - We must identify the "other" and then form an identity in opposition to that (in group and out group). Helping people identify themself

Race - Identification of humans based on physical/biological characteristics

Racism - prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior.

De Facto Segregation - the separation of groups that occurs without legal enforcement. The desire to see different national groups to have a foreign state for themselves.

Residential Segregation - degree to which two or more groups live separately from each other in the US (stemming from slavery, share-cropping, Jim Crow Laws, restrictive covenants/deeds and then from de-facto segregation)

Succession - process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups 

Sense of Place - The feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character

Ethnicity - a broad, regionally based identity that immigrants seeks in new destinations to find  people that share some cultural similarities

Space - Refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects.

Place - a particular position or point in space

Gendered - In terms of a place, whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women

Queer Theory - a research of how people in the LQBTQ and heterosexual population are treated differently

Dowry Deaths - deaths of women who are murdered or driven to suicide by continuous harrasment and torture by husbands and in-laws in an effort to extort an increased dowry (property (usually money) given by a bride to her husband in an arranged marriage). 

Barriorization - Defined by geographer James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood

Language - A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

Mutual Intelligibility - relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without intentional study or special effort

Standard Language - Version of a language in a place that is published, distributed and taught. Standardization may occur as a natural development of a language in a speech community or as an effort by members of a community (or country) to impose dialect or variety as a standard (prestige/power)

Dialects - Variations of language along regional or ethnic lines

Dialect Chains/Continuums - Dialects nearest to each other will be more similar (spatial analysis)

Isogloss - a line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features (the use of particular words - where they begin and end)

Language Families - A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family

Subfamilies - divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent

Cognate - words that have same linguistic derivation as another word

Proto-Indo-European - a linguistic hypothesis associated with nomadic people in the Neolithic Era (4th Millennium BCE) that proposes the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that bred languages across the world

Proto-Euraisic - a proposed older language that preceded Proto-Indo-European. About 15,000 years ago variations began as people moved and lost contact with each other 

Language Diversion - suggested by Linguistic August Schleider that new languages form when spatial interaction among speakers breaks down and language fragments into dialects and then eventually new languages (intelligibility breaks down)

Backward Reconstruction - made by Jakob Grimm, a process that suggests that consonants (sounds combine with vowels) could also be used to trace languages back to their origin 

Language Convergence - 2 languages spoken by people with constant spatial interaction, over time, can cause these 2 languages to collapse and meld into one 

Extinct Language - Instances in which all ppl who speak a language become extinct (diseases) or when people abandon ancestral language in favor of another (does not occur quickly).

Conquest Theory - when a person or a group of people take control of an area and make everyone in that area follow their rules and beliefs.

Romance Languages - Languages that have Latin roots and areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire. 

Germanic Languages - Languages that reflect northern european movement Scandinavia as well as Germanic people into British Isles around 1100.

Slavic Languages - Dominated Eastern Europe w/ exception of Romanian

Lingua Franca - a bridge language. Can be national or local .

Pidgin Language - Blend of 2 languages

Creole Language - Instances in which pidgin languages (a blend of 2 languages) gain native speakers (and becomes 1st language of new generations) develop grammar and complex vocab

Monolingual States - States where nearly everyone speaks the same language

Multilingual States - States where people speak multiple languages

Official Language - language that is given a special legal status in a particular country, sub-state, or other administrative jurisdiction. Typically a country's official language refers to the language used within government

Global Language - The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in commerce and trade closest to a global language is english. English = language of business and tech

Toponym - Names for places that reflect the very essence of a place (physical and human characteristics). They indicate religious diffusions by changing names. 

Activity Spaces - locations where regular behavior or activity occurs 

Interface Areas - places where neighborhood associated with different religions meet

Religion - system of beliefs/organized institution that sets norms for the organized society that serves as the preferred beliefs system. 

Secularization Theory - as society advances (modernizes), religion retreats and becomes increasingly hollow the more developed a place gets, religion begins to fade slowly

Secularism - the process of becoming more concerned with worldly, temporal things less with spiritual religious things

Monotheistic Religion - a religion believing in only ONE god. First monotheistic religion is recognized to be Zoroastrianism and Judaism

Polytheistic Religion - a religion believing in MORE THAN one god

Animistic Religion - the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence —-> this is a blanket anthropology term/construct that applies to most indigenous/folk religions… spirits animate the world 

Universalizing Religion (Stimulus Diffusion Example) - religions that appeal to groups around the world or in different regions of the world (ALL of the have denominations or sects that broke off to accommodate or as a result of regional/ethnic differences) 

Ethnic Religion - religions that are practiced by relatively homogenous groups (but at ETHNIC scale, not national) in one place. Tied to/connected to certain groups and where that group lives

Hinduism - evolved between 15th and 5th centuries BCE. NO singular FOUNDER. Compilation of tradition/beliefs over time (Indo Aryans converging with indigenous people). 

Caste System - builders of temples and shrines were told they were gonna be rewarded in reincarnation

Syncretic/Syncretic Religion - separate religions that combine into a new religion; often borrow from the past and the present. OR when religion takes new forms, usually bc of stimulus diffusion (Islam in India vs Islam in Saudi Arabia)

Buddhism - 6th to 5th century BCE. Based on teachings of SIDDHARTA GUATAMA (Indian Prince). Path to Nirvana through meditation, morality, and wisdom. They believe in reincarnation (dharma) .

Shintoism - descendents religion of Yayoi (people of Kyushu) in Japan. Has animistic and polytheistic elements. Usually blended with Buddhist philosophies. Involves the worship of KAMI (spirits that roam the world)

Taoism - 6th to 4th centuries BCE. Based on the teachings of Laozi. He refers to “Tao Masters” in the Tao Te Ching (400 BCE). Shows Taoism is older than its written point. Live in HARMONY/BALANCE with the Tao. 

Feng Shui - the art and science of organizing living spaces in order to channel the life forces that exist in nature in favorable ways

Confucianism - 6th to 5th centuries BCE. Based on the teaching and experience of Confucius (lived during Zhou Dynasty). Still a source on learning, values, and social codes

Judaism - 10th to 5th century BCE. Based on the first covenant between the Israelites and God (13th century BCE → 10 commandments – Moses delivering the Israelites from Egyptian slavery – revelation from God on Mt. Sinai in Egypt) 

Diaspora - the scattering of Jewish settlements outside Israel

Zionism - A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Jewish Nationalism

Interfaith - boundaries between the world's major faiths, multiple religions

Intrafaith - boundaries within a single major faith

Extremism - Fundamentalism (Absolutists) that is taken to the point of an action of violence. 

Christianity - 1st century CE. Based on teachings of Jesus Christ (crucified sometime between 30 and 33 in Jerusalem, Judea)

Eastern Orthodox Church - Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia

Roman Catholic Church - the largest Christian Church and the largest religious denomination. Very controlling and organized. 

Protestant - Hearth is in Germany. Split off during the Protestant Reformation in the 1400s and 1500s didn’t like how how controlling church was

Islam - 610 CE. Muhammad received divine revelations through Gabriel. 621 is his “Night Journey” to heaven. Stresses the belief of Alllah. Arabic became a Lingua Franca of it. The holy text is the Quran. Related to Zoroastrianism 

Sunni - A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad (not blood related). SAUDI ARABIA IS SUNNI

Shi’ite - A branch of Islam that holds that the leader of Islam is a descendant of Mohammed's family (blood relative). IRAN is a Shi’a. As well as the Hezbolllah 

Indigenous Religions – local in scope, usually have a reverence for nature, and are passed down through family units and groups of indigenous ppl

Shamanism - faiths in which communities follow a Shaman (a person w/ good access to good and evil spirits). Community often sees the Shaman as a teacher, healer, and visionary. NOT A DEITY. Smaller and more isolated. 

Pilgrimage - a travel to sacred sites for ritualistic purposes like rejuvenation, reflection, healing or fulfillment of a religious commitment.. Someone who takes one is known as a “pilgrim” 

Sacred Sites - place or space people infuse with religious meaning.

Minarets - Inside mosques. Slender towers from which a person (Muezzin) calls people in the town to prayer 5 times a day

Hajj - a pilgrimage to Mecca  required for every Muslim man and woman as part of the 5 pillars of Islam

Interfaith Boundaries - Boundaries between the world’s major faiths 

Intrafaith Boundaries - boundaries within a single faith 

Religious Fundamentalism - is an interpretation of religious beliefs/religious texts in a strict, literal, orthodox, absolute, and non-negotiable way

Religious Extremism - fundamentalism carried to the point of violence

Jihad - A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal