Chapter_3

Chapter 3: States, Citizens, and Regimes

Definition: Citizenship is membership in a political community or state, establishing a relationship with the state.
Modern Context: Everyone needs to be "from" somewhere; being a stateless person is almost inconceivable.

Historical Evolution: Citizenship evolved as states modernized and distanced from monarchs, leading to the idea of popular sovereignty.
Separation of Sovereignty: Sovereignty moved from monarchs to the people or segments of society (e.g., landowners).

Civil Rights: Individual freedoms (e.g. equal treatment under law, habeas corpus, freedom of expression).
Political Rights: Rights related to political participation (e.g. voting, forming political associations).
Social Rights: Rights connected to socioeconomic equality (e.g. public education, health care).
Marshall's View: Modern citizenship encompasses legal protection, political engagement, and socioeconomic equality to make citizenship meaningful.

Rights and Responsibilities: Citizens possess rights and obligations to their communities, ideally respected participants.

Definition: Organized, non-governmental, non-violent activity beyond individual families.
Growth: Civil society development coincides with modern state emergence.

Legitimacy: Modern states claim legitimacy by representing the people's will.

Characteristics: A regime includes formal and informal political institutions determining government type.
Durability: More enduring than governments but less so than states.

Relationship Variations: Regimes differ in how they recognize rights and civil society participation.
Postnational Citizenship: Emerging concepts in the EU and transnational civil society are reshaping citizenship.

Existence of Ideologies: Regimes justify their existence with ideologies, though not all ideologies are embodied in their regimes.
Informal Institutions: Informal rules may conflict with formal ideological claims.

Definition: Rule by the people; understanding signifies a mix of citizen engagement and governance methods.

Legitimate Government: Formed when free individuals create a contract for representatives to govern in their interests.
Philosophers: Influenced by Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, asserting citizen equality.

Central Doctrine of Liberalism: A government is justified when it protects individual liberties (life, liberty, property).
Representational Democracy: Citizens vote to choose their government.
Key Guarantees by Robert Dahl: Rights essential for liberal democracies include freedom of association, expression, voting rights, and competitive elections.

Scope of Control: Advocates for citizen controls over both political and economic spheres.
Balanced Economy: Supports regulated market to ensure well-being for all citizens.

Direct Involvement: Emphasizes citizen participation in decision-making at local levels.

Foundation: Marx posited economic forces drive historical and political change.
Shifts: Transition from feudalism to capitalism altered power dynamics.

Bourgeoisie Rule: Marx believed liberal democracies were veiled dictatorships serving the bourgeoisie interests.

Class Rule: Proletariat ruling over all other classes; a departure from traditional dictatorship.
Communism Vision: End state where class distinctions disappear and no government is needed.

Electoral Authoritarianism: Limited political competition while allowing some civil society structures.
Theocracy: Rule by religious authorities as a significant challenge to liberal democracy.
Islamism: Advocates Islamic law as the basis for governance, rejecting secular influences.

Radical Islamists: View themselves under external threat, justifying violence against both internal and external opposition.