ess midterm

1. Systems and Models

 Definition of a System: Understand the components (inputs, outputs, flows, and

storages) and how they interact in an environmental context.

 Models in ESS:

o Define what a model is.

o Evaluate strengths (e.g., simplification, prediction) and weaknesses (e.g.,

oversimplification, inaccuracies) of models in representing complex systems.

 Hydrological Cycle:

o Identify and differentiate stores (e.g., rivers, lakes) and transfers (e.g., infiltration,

runoff).

o Understand transformations in the cycle (e.g., evaporation, condensation).

2. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation

 Keystone vs. Flagship Species:

o Define and give examples of each.

o Understand their roles in ecosystem stability and conservation awareness.

 Indices Used in Ecosystems:

o Compare and contrast the Lincoln Index and Simpson’s Diversity Index.

o Understand the mathematical applications and ecological significance of each.

 Conservation Strategies:

o Discuss the effectiveness of conservation efforts, with examples like national

parks, biodiversity hotspots, and community initiatives.

3. Case Study: Andean Region

 Biomes and Zonation:

o Identify key biomes (e.g., mountain forests, paramos).

o Define zonation and factors influencing it (e.g., altitude, temperature).

o Predict impacts of global warming on biome distribution.

 Human and Environmental Interactions:

o Understand threats to biodiversity (e.g., deforestation, agriculture).

o Analyze species-specific impacts, such as those affecting the Spectacled bear.

 Energy and Sustainability:

o Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable energy sources.

o Discuss energy security strategies and their implications for sustainability.

4. Environmental Challenges

 Climate Change:

o Understand how global warming affects ecosystems, particularly in mountainous

regions like the Andes.

o Link climate variability to shifts in energy reliance from renewables to fossil

fuels.

 Agriculture's Impact on Biodiversity:

o Discuss specific threats posed by agricultural practices (e.g., habitat loss,

pollution).

5. Data Interpretation and Analysis

 Practice reading graphs, maps, and statistical data relevant to environmental science.

 Be prepared to calculate and interpret indices like diversity indices or threatened species

percentages.

6. Application Questions

 Develop critical thinking skills to:

o Explain ecological processes.

o Discuss the pros and cons of human intervention in natural systems.

o Evaluate strategies for energy security and biodiversity conservation.