History Ch. 18

The New South campaign envisioned an economy based more on industry.

Sharecropping: returning a fraction of the harvest to the landowner as rent.

Tenancy occurred because there was a shortage of cash and credit made land ownership difficult.

Tobacco and cigarettes. Cigarettes became the one item the South controlled the national market.

Most new textile workers in the South were poor and white.

Developing industries in the New South were tobacco, textiles, and steel mills.

The New South remained poor because it received too little, not too much, outside investment.

In the South there was a poor education system, fostering a largely unskilled work force, an isolated and low-paid labor pool, primarily geared to farming, and the fact that the South lagged so far behind the North in industrializing.

Southern Burden contained: a cumbersome system of low-paid labor.

The church was at the center of southern life.

Religion brought stability and social order to the lives of southern rural folk.

Southern black Methodists and Baptists attended church events with theatre and dance performances, good conversations, and music.

Redeemers were white Democrats vowing to end Republican rule.

Jim Crow Laws refer to a system of legalized separation of Blacks as socially inferior.

Plessy v. Ferguson: established the concept of separate but equal.

William Gilpin, a western booster.

What was needed most was cheap land and a railroad. Believed that rain would come when the plains were plowed and planted.

John Wesley Powell warned Congress that the West needed specific planning. Became director of U.S. Geological Survey.

Water as a key resource.

The practice of mining with water-pressured hoses proved destructive because it washed down mountains, silting up rivers and destroying habitats.

The 98th meridian marks a boundary within the plains where the area of scarce rainfall begins.

The Taos of New Mexico believed that each spring the pregnant earth issued new life, as a result they removed hard shoes from their horses.

In the wake of the Plains Wars, U.S. Native American policy changed from a policy of concentrating tribes onto reservations (recognized as a failure by the 1880s) to a policy of trying to integrate Native Americans into white society as farmers (an effort that also failed)

In California, also Asian Americans; and elsewhere, Native Americans. Texas did not have Asian Americans.

Initially, individuals rushed in for quick profits; then, corporations moved in with hired labor.

By 1887, Congress had become to alarmed at foreign ownership of western land that it enacted the Alien Land Law