PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC

• Animal, plant, and fungal cells are EUKARYOTIC.

• Bacterial cells are PROKARYOTIC Eukaryotic cells DO have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

• Prokaryotic do NOT have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles.

THE CELL AND ORGANELLES

• All living things are made up of cells.

• All cells come from other cells.

• The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things Exceptions: Things that were once living and are no longer living; Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genetic material and can replicate.

CELL TRANSPORT

• Transport is the circulation or distribution of molecules or substances throughout the cell or from cell to cell.

• Messages must “fit” the cell receptors (like a lock and key, or enzymes and substrates).

• The cell membrane is semipermeable, which means means that the membrane only lets in some substances based on the size and the amount of substance

  TWO TYPES OF TRANSPORT

• Active transport is transport that requires ATP, or energy.

• Passive transport is transport that requires no ATP, or energy.

  PASSIVE TRANSPORT

• DIFFUSION moves substance from high to low concentration, and occurs until equilibrium (balance) is reached.

• OSMOSIS is diffusion OF WATER, ONLY when the WATER itself is moving, not when things are moving IN the water.

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

• Concentration the amount of something within a space.

• Gradient is the change in concentration (high to low or low to high)

  ACTIVE TRANSPORT

• Active transport brings substances from low to high concentration.

• When bringing in substances from a low to high concentration, ATP (energy) needs to be used.

• It is usually a protein to help transport the substance.

  ENDOCYTOSIS: IN

• Sometimes a material is too large to cross the membrane, so cells use energy to transport these substances in vesicles.

• The cell membrane folds in, forming a pocket around the substance. The pocket breaks off inside the cell, making a vesicle. The contents of the vesicle are then broken down or released into the cell.

EXOCYTOSIS: OUT

• In exocytosis, a vesicle forms around a substance or material in the cell that needs to be removed. The vesicles then goes to the cell membrane, fuses with it, and lets go of the contents.

  SOLUTIONS

• Solute is the substance being dissolved.

• Solvent is the one doing the dissolving (usually water).

• An isotonic solution is when the concentration of solute is equal inside and outside the cell.

• A hypertonic solution is when there is more solute inside the cell than outside solute will leave the cell and it will shrink.

• A hypotonic solution is when there is less solute inside the cell and more outside the cell solute will enter the cell and cause it to swell up or bloat.