YEAR 10 GEOGRAPHY EXAM

🌍 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT & WELLBEING

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

• Definition: Total value of all goods and services produced inside a country.

• Indicates: Economic strength, productivity, and wealth.

Human Development Index (HDI)

• Definition: Composite measure of health, education, and income.

• Indicates: Overall wellbeing, quality of life, and development.

Gross National Income (GNI)

• Definition: Total income earned by residents of a country, including overseas income.

• Differs from GDP: GDP = inside the country; GNI = includes overseas earnings.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

• Definition: 17 global goals created by the UN.

• Purpose: Improve wellbeing, reduce inequality, protect the environment.

Developed Countries

• High life expectancy

• High literacy rates

• Strong healthcare

• High HDI

Lesser-Developed Countries

• Low income

• Lower life expectancy

• Less education access

• Higher poverty

Indicators of Development

• Social: Literacy rate, life expectancy, infant mortality

• Economic: GDP per capita, GNI

• Environmental: Access to clean water, pollution levels

Population Pyramids

• Show age and sex distribution.

• Wide base → high birth rate

• Narrow top → low life expectancy

• Rectangular → stable population

Poverty Indicators

• Access to clean water

• Income levels

• Literacy rate

• Reveal quality of living conditions.

Poverty Cycle

• Low income → poor education → low-skilled jobs → continued poverty

• Repeats across generations.

Youthful Population – Challenges

• Pressure on education

• High unemployment

• Need for more childcare/teachers

Youthful Population – Opportunities

• Large future workforce

• Economic growth potential

Ageing Population – Challenges

• Higher healthcare costs

• Pension pressures

• Fewer workers

Ageing Population – Opportunities

• Experience in workforce

• Growth in healthcare industry

🌊 COASTAL & MARINE ENVIRONMENTS

How Waves Are Formed

• Created by wind blowing over the ocean.

• Stronger winds → bigger waves.

Constructive Waves

• Gentle swash

• Deposits material

• Builds beaches

Destructive Waves

• Strong backwash

• High, steep waves

• Erode beaches

Longshore Drift

• Waves hit beach at an angle → move sediment along the coastline in a zig-zag pattern.

Weathering

Breaking down of rock in place.

• Physical: e.g., freeze-thaw

• Chemical: acid rain dissolving rocks

• Biological: plant roots breaking rocks

Erosion

• Rocks are worn away and moved.

• Processes: abrasion, hydraulic action

Deposition

• Sediment is dropped when wave energy decreases.

Transportation

• Movement of sediment along coasts.

Mass Movement

• Downward movement of rocks/soil due to gravity.

• Example: landslides.

Human Impacts on Coasts

• Urban development

• Pollution

• Removing vegetation

• Tourism pressures

Hard Engineering

• Built structures to control the coast

• Examples: Sea walls, groynes, rock armour

• Expensive but effective

Soft Engineering

• Works with natural processes

• Examples: dune stabilisation, beach nourishment

• Cheaper, more sustainable

Adelaide Coastline Fieldwork Techniques

• Quadrat sampling

• Measuring beach width

• Observing sediment size

• Recording human impacts

🌱 HUMAN-INDUCED ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

Atmospheric Pollution

• Mainly caused by burning fossil fuels.

• Impacts: climate change, respiratory issues.

Water Pollution

• Chemicals, sewage, plastics in water.

• Impacts: ecosystem damage, unsafe drinking water.

Biodiversity

• Variety of plant and animal life.

• Loss of biodiversity reduces ecosystem stability + food web strength.

Causes of Land Degradation

• Overgrazing

• Deforestation

• Soil erosion

• Unsustainable farming

Degradation of Aquatic Environments

• Overfishing

• Chemical runoff

• Plastic pollution

• Eutrophication

Sustainability

• Using resources so future generations can also meet their needs.

Future Concerns for Sustainability

• Growing population

• Increased resource use

• Climate change impacts

Examples of Sustainable Practices

• Renewable energy

• Water conservation

• Recycling programs

• Reforestation

Human Causes of Biodiversity Loss

• Habitat destruction

• Pollution

• Overfishing/hunting

• Climate change

Pollution Reduction Strategies

• Laws limiting emissions

• Recycling systems

• Clean energy policies

• Protecting natural habitats

🌍 SOURCE ANALYSIS NOTES (for practice exam)

Indicators of a Lesser Developed Country

• Low GDP/GNI

• Low literacy

• Low life expectancy

• Low HDI

Population Pyramid – What It Shows

• Age structure

• Future growth trends

• Birth and death rates

Linking Indicators to Population Structure

• High birth rate ↔ wide base

• Low life expectancy ↔ narrow top

• Low literacy ↔ limited development

Challenges & Opportunities from Population Structure

• Young population → strain on schools

• Growing workforce

• Low income → limited public services