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Chapter 22 (1863-1877)

Problem : Freedman were unskilled, illiterate, without preoperty and money.

Freedmen’s Bureau- helped former slaves and poor southern whites, greatest success was in education.

Confiscated land must be given to the slaves ( almost never happened)

Different reconstruction plans

Wartime reconstruction by President Lincoln in 1863

-Southern states may rejoin union once 10% of state voters pledge loyalty to union

- must accept emancipation

50% of voters to take an iron clad

Tuff plan: excluded from new governments ( much more strict but not signed by Lincoln).

President andrew johnson

Lincoln assassinated and andreww Johnson becomes president

-recognizes the 10% lincoln government disfranchisement (loss of vote)

Must ratify 13th amendment

Johnson ends up pardoning confederates

Southern planters reestablish political controls of southern politics

KEY IDEA:

The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, bringing about the war's most dramatic social and economic change, but the exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system endured for several generations.

Black codes

Guarantee a stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated

Southerners hope to restore pre emancipation race of relations

Examples:

prohibited AA from renting land or borrowing money to buy land

Forced to sign labor contracts

Punishment for leaving before contract expired

Cant serve of jury or vote

Many were forced to become sharecroppers

Allowed to use land in exchange for giving a percent of crop to the owner of the land

President johnson v. congress

• By 1866 Northern Republicans in Congress were angry when former Southern Confederate officials were returned to office.

- Calls for a stricter version of Reconstruction (Congressional Reconstruction)

• It is important to know the transition of Reconstruction policy between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Congress breaks With president

Congress prevents southern delegates from coming back

Johnson vetoed freedmen's bureau extension , congress passes

Republicans controlled congress passes.

gave citizenship to Africans and wanted to get rid of black codes.

Congress: How to prevent southern states from overturning laws passed during Reconstruction?

Civil Rights Bill 1866 14th AMENDMENT

Declared all persons born in the U.S. are citizens of the US (including African Americans- big F-U to Dred Scott)

States must protect rights and provide "equal protection of the law" & "due process"

Prevented former Confederates political officials from holding political office

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

Republican controlled Congress now controls Reconstruction policy. Radicals vs. Moderates

• Reconstruction Act of 1867

divided the south into 5 military districts controlled by Union generals

Disenfranchisement of former

Confederates & invalidate state govts of Lincoln & Johnson

(10%)

• To be readmitted: Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

President Johnson Impeached

<1867 Congress passed Tenure of Office Act in order to reduce Presidential power & protect

IMPEACHED

Republican Reconstruction cabinet members

The Senate must approve any presidential dismissal of a cabinet official or general.

•President Johnson removed Sec of

War Stanton in 1868

•The House immediately votes to impeach President Johnson

÷ One vote short of 2/3's required

RECONSTRUCTION GOVERNMENTS

• New electorate in the South as a result of the 15th

Amendment and

Congressional Reconstruction

• Republican coalition

- African American male voters

- Scalawags: cooperating southern whites

- Carpetbaggers: northerners who went south

• Some looking to profit and others wanted to help out

Reconstruction amendments

13) freedom, abolished slavery.

14) equal protection, citizenship granted

15) universal male suffrage.

RECONSTRUCTION FALLS APART

• Ku Klux Klan established to secure white supremacy and resist Reconstruction govt.

• Force Acts of 1870 & 1871

intended to stop resistance to Reconstruction

- Federal troops sent in to stop the KKK

• Civil Rights Act of 1875: guaranteed equal access to public places. Protect right to serve on juries.

• Rarely enforced and eventually overturned by the Supreme Court in 1883

• By 1870s Congress & President Grant would be unwilling to use federal government to monitor Southern society

South temporarily experiences social and political revolution

Key things

Federal intervention in Southern society under

Congressional Reconstruction yielded some short term success

- Reunited the Union

- Opened up political opportunities to former slaves

- Temporary rearranged the relationships between white and black people in the South

Civil War ended slavery and the idea of a divisible union: BUT left largely unchanged social and economic patterns

• Although citizenship, equal protection of the laws, and voting rights were granted to African Americans in the 14th and 15th Amendments, these rights were progressively stripped away through segregation, violence, Supreme Court decision, and local political tactics.

The Reconstruction Amendments established judicial principles that were staled for many decades, but eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding rights