AP PSYCH
Researched by Hans
Selye, the three stages of the bodies psychological reaction to stress
1. Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Locus of Control Refers to the extent to which people feel that they have control over the events that influence their lives
Internal Locus of Control You believe that you have control over what happens
External Locus of Control
Blame outside forces for their circumstances
Psychoanalytic Theories
Sigmund Freud developed theory of personality development
Id Part of the human personality that is made up of all our inborn biological urges that seeks out immediate gratification (pleasure principle
Ego The largely conscious,
"executive"
part of personality that, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality (reality principle)
Superego The part of personality that, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations (morality principle)
Defense mechanisms Freud proposed that the ego protects itself with tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality
Defense Mechanisms
Repression Acts to keep information out of conscious awareness
Displacement Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening
Projection Involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people
Regression When confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to patterns of behavior used earlier in development
Denial Functions to protect the ego from things with which the individual cannot cope
Rationalization Involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior
Reaction-Formation
Reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior
Carl Jung thought all people shared a collective unconscious. Common collection of images that we have gained together as human beings from our ancestral & evolutionary past
Alfred Adler People
compensate for inferiority complexes based on inadequacies
Karen Horney feminist Perspective to psychoanalytic theory
Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT) Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach Inkblot Test (Hermann Rorschach)
The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, During the test, participants are shown the inkblots and asked what each one looks like
• Reciprocal Determinism
Albert Bandura proposed that the person, environment, and behavior interact to determine patterns of behavior and thus personality
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Raymond Cattell's 16
Traits 16 traits are the source of all human personality
Factor analysis he identified closely related terms and eventually reduced his list to just 16 key personality traits
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The Big Five Personality
Factors Model of personality traits, many researchers believe that they are five core personality traits
• Openness to Experience, tendency to appreciate new art, ideas, values, feelings and behaviors
• Conscientiousness tendency to be careful, on-time for appointments, to follow rules, and to be hardworking Extraversion, tendency to be talkative, sociable, and to enjoy others
Agreeableness tendency to agree and go along with others rather than to assert one's own opinions & choices
Neuroticism tendency to frequently experience negative emotions
Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory-2
(MMPI-2) The most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to help diagnose mental health disorders
Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI)
Self-report inventory designed to identify a person's personality type, strengths, and preferences
(-) Studies have found that the reliability and validity of the instrument have not been adequately demonstrated
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
8%-10%
Conformity The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms
Normative influence
"Social Norm" Influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant
Stanley Milgram (1963)
Measured the willingness to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscious
26 out of the 40
participants (65%)
delivered the ultimate punishment of 450 volts
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Social Facilitation process whereby th presence of others enhances performance easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks
Social Inhibition performance is poorer
When watched by others
Social Loafing Tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group
Deindividuation The loss of a person's sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior
Group Polarization The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussions
Groupthink A group decision-making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence
Prejudice
“prejudgement”
Unjustified Negative attitude about a group of people based on their membership in the group Discrimination Unjustified
Negative behavior toward members of a target group (individual level) based on their race, ethnicity, or other shared characteristic
Stereotype Threat A situation in which people feel at risk of performing as their group is expected to perform
In-Groups Group that we identify with "us" or see ourselves as belonging to Out-Groups Social groups with whom a person does not identify; "them"
The Frustration-Aggression Principle The idea that people become aggressive when they're frustrated by being blocked from reaching a goal
Bystander Effect
Phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress (diffusion of responsibility
Altruism The unselfish concern for other people; doing things simply out of a desire to help, not because you feel obligated to Social Exchange Theory Argues that altruism only exists when the benefits outweigh the costs-i.e., when your behavior helps you even more than it helps the other person
Reciprocity Social expectation in which we feel pressured to help others if they have already done something for us Social Responsibility
Norm Societal rule that tells people they should help others who need help even if they may not repay us
Social Dilemma A situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone
Recently Added
Productivity & Finance
Utirtes
Familiarity "Mere
Exposure Effect" Liking someone occurs because of repeatedly seeing that person or thing
Proximity The closer together people are physically, the more likely they are to form a
relationship/friendship
Fundamental Attribution
Error Our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the impact of dispotional (personal) factors when assessing why other people acted the way they did
Self-Serving Bias
Tendency to blame external forces when bad things happen and to give ourselves credit when good things happen
Actor-Observer Bias Tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes
False Consensus Effect
Tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with us
Just-World Phenomenon
Tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy prediction that causes itself to come true due to the simple fact that the prediction was made
• Central Route of
Persuasion The process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its arguments
Peripheral Route of
Persuasion The process by which a person does not think carefully about a communication and is influenced instead by superficial cues
Foot-In-The-Door
Phenomenon Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Door-In-The-Face
Technique Asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller
commitment and getting agreement
Cognitive Dissonance (Leon Festinger 1957):
Sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's attitudes
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
12%-16%
• Psychologist- can't prescribe meds, supports people through
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psychotherapy
meds, identify
Psychiatrist-can prescribe disorders/diagnose,
hospitals
generally works inside
Currently, in the DSM-5, abnormal behavior is generally defined as...
Deviant, Distressing,
Dysfunctional, Dangerous
Deinstitutionalization
When better psychotropic drugs were created this movement began to remove patients who were not considered a threat to themselves or the community from mental hospitals
Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized Anxiety
Disorder (GAD)
Experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything
Panic Disorder Anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks
Specific Phobia Intense, irrational fear responses to specific stimuli
• Agoraphobia Afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic-like or embarrassing symptoms were to occur