Unit 11- Animals
Kingdom Animalia
Characteristics
Heterotrophs
Multicellular
Leads to specialization
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Egg and sperm (sexually)
Sea star (asexually)
Most can move
Animals go through similar embryonic development
Blastula formation- hollow ball of undifferentiated cells
Gastrulation- side of blastula caves in on itself
End up with 2 layer orgaims with an opening at one end
Protostome- first opening is the mouth and second is the anus (invertebrate)
Deuterostome- first opening is anus and second is the mouth (vertebrates)
Formation of germ layers
Ectotherm- germ layer on outside, develop into epidermis and nervous system
Mesoderm- middle layer, develop of skeletal, muscular, circulatory, and excretory systems
Endotherm- inner layer, develop into digestive and respiratory systems
The animal kingdom includes 9 major phyla that live in the sea
Most animals are invertebrates
Body symmetry
Animals that show no symmetry are called asymmetrical
Sponges are the only ones
Two types of symmetry
Radial- radiates out from a central point, no head
Bilateral- two equal pieces (left and right), has a head
Anterior- front end
Posterior- back end
Dorsal- top (darker)
Ventral- bottom
Lateral- out to the side
Medial- toward the middle
Simple animals
Phylum Porifera
The phylum of the sponges
The name porifera means pore-bearer
Have asymmetry
Sponges are sessile meaning as adults they don't move
The only animals without tissues
They filter feed
As water goes through pores, they collect larva
Sponges are supported with skeletons of spongin or spicules of calcium carbonate or silica
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum of jellyfish
Have radial symmetry
The first eumetazoans (true animals)
First animals that could move
Phylum is named for the stinging cells called cnidocytes
Have two body forms
Polyp- sessile, face up
Medusa- motile, face down
They sting the fish, then use tentacles to grab food and digest it
Eat anything they bump into
Classes
Hydroza
Cubozoa- deadly, box jelly (example)
Scyphozoa- general jellyfish
Anthozoa- flower animals
Subphylum Hexapoda
Class Insecta
Success of insects
Natural selection occurs quickly
So small they are in every ecosystem
Fly
Helpful insects
Pollination
Silk from silk worm
Harmful insects
Spread disease
Eat crops
Incomplete metamorphosis
3 stages
Egg- hatches
Nymph- small adult
Adult
Complete metamorphosis
4 stages
Egg- hatches
Larva- develop into pupa
Pupa- develop into adult
Adult
Stages dont compete for food or space
Social insects
Live in a colony with division of labor
Ex: bees, ants, termites
Insect communication
Bees dance (waggle)
Ants use pheromones
grasshoppers/crickets use sound
Fireflies use light
Insect defense
Protects from being eaten
Mullerian mimicry
Dangerous insects have color warning
Batesian mimicry
Harmless insects look like harmful insects
Camouflage
Insects are kings of camouflage
Kingdom Animalia
Invertebrates
Arthropods
Insects
Arachnids
Crustaceans
Mollusks
Snails
Octopuses
Clams
Annelids
Earthworms
Leeches
Vertebrates
Fish
Cartilaginous fish
Bony fish
Amphibians
Frogs
Salamanders
Reptiles
Snakes
Turtles
Lizards
Birds
Raptors
Songbirds
Waterfowl
Mammals
Primates
Carnivores
Rodents
Kingdom Animalia
The animal kingdom is a diverse group of organisms, divided into two main categories: invertebrates and vertebrates.
Invertebrates
Invertebrates are animals without a backbone. They make up the majority of animal species on Earth.
Arthropods
Arthropods are the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, known for their jointed legs and hard exoskeletons. This group includes insects, such as beetles and butterflies, arachnids like spiders and scorpions, and crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters.
Mollusks
Mollusks are soft-bodied animals often protected by a hard shell. This group includes snails, known for their spiral shells, octopuses with their eight tentacles, and clams that bury themselves in the sand.
Annelids
Annelids are segmented worms found in various habitats. Earthworms play a crucial role in soil health, while leeches are often used in medical treatments.
Vertebrates
Vertebrates are animals with a backbone, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
Fish
Fish are aquatic vertebrates with gills for breathing. They are further divided into cartilaginous fish like sharks and rays, and bony fish which include most fish species.
Amphibians
Amphibians are vertebrates that can live both in water and on land. This group includes frogs, known for their jumping abilities, and salamanders with their sleek bodies.
Reptiles
Reptiles are cold-blooded vertebrates that are often covered in scales or shells. Snakes, turtles, and lizards are all part of this diverse group.
Birds
Birds are warm-blooded vertebrates with feathers and wings. They are further classified into raptors like eagles, songbirds such as robins, and waterfowl like ducks.
Mammals
Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates that nurse their young with milk. This group includes primates like monkeys and humans, carnivores such as lions and wolves, and rodents like mice and squirrels.
Phylum Chordata: Includes vertebrates
Classes: Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Fish
Symmetry: Bilateral
Reproduction: Sexual
Body Plan: Multicellular, heterotrophic
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Habitat: Diverse environments
Nutrition: Ingestion of food
Respiration: Aerobic
Movement: Muscular system