History Final
Carpetbaggers
northern opportunists who came to the south after the war for financial gain
scalawags
southerners who cooperated with federal officials or the union
ku klux klan
founded in pulaski,tennessee in 1866--to intimidate and harass blacks in the south
thirteenth amenment
permanently ended slavery in the US
fourteenth amendment
defined citizenship and guaranteed the rights of the freedmen
fifteenth amendment
gave all men in the united states the right to vote
force acts
troops were sent into the south to end violence and intimidation if black voter
mississippi plan
scheme adopted to suppress the black vote in the election of 1876
reconstruction acts
divided the south into five military districts and implemented martial law
goals of radical reconstruction
-revenge
-concern for newly freed slaves
-political motivations
freedman's bureau
-helped established schools for newly freed slaves
-provided food/shelter
-negotiated contracts between freedmen/employees
-provided transportation to freedmen trying to reconnect with family members across the south
-assisted black soldiers/sailors to receive back pay,bonus payments and pension
black codes
Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves
examples:
-binding contracts to work on plantations
-licenses to work in non-agricultural jobs
-vagrancy laws
-not allowed to ride trains
waving the bloody shirt
republican strategy to rally voters to their cause following the civil war
plessy vs fergusun
-separate but equal" doctrine
jim crow laws
segregated public places
-restrooms
-water fountains
-train stations
-restaurants
sharecropping
given a piece of land to work on by farmer
1/3-1/2 of crop paid in rent
tenant farmer
paid rent to farmers in cash(instead of crops)
lincoln's reconstruction plan
wanted rapid reintegration of the south
wade davis bill
it required 51% if white voters to take loyalty oath in order for a state to be readmitted to the union--didn't pass
compromise of 1877
compromise that allowed hayes to become president but he must pull the troops from the south
-->reconstruction officially ends
-->a.k.a the "crime if 77" because it was an illegal way to become president
-->blacks received more rules to follow and laws that prohibited their rights(jim crow)
monopoly
one business has complete control of a product or service
graft
money paid to a political machines for favors
piecework
workers got paid a fixed amount for each finished product
sweatshop
employees work long hours at low wages in poor conditions
tenements
low cost buildings to house as many families as possible --little space,communal bathrooms, poor ventilation
ghettos
urban neighborhood dominated by an ethnic/racial group
pendleton service act
applicants for government jobs have to prove ability to do the job (take a test)
jacob riis
how the other half lives--picture book showing lives of poor people
jane addams
hull house in chicago
social gospel movement
sought to apply the teachings of jesus directly to society
chinese exclusion act of 1882
under pressure from labor unions, congress prohibited chinese immigration (until 1943)
gentlemen's agreement
no segregation, but japan stop giving laborers passports
arriving from east
went through new york--ellis island
arriving from west
went through san francisco--angel island
1st wave of immigration
irish~late 1840s
germans~1848
old immigrants
2nd wave of immigration
chinese~1860s-1880s
3rd wave of immigration
eastern and southern europe~1880s-1920s
new forms of transportation
-trains
-subways
-trolley
new forms of technology
-electric
trolly/train/subway
-skyscrapers
gospel of wealth
carnegie--had so much money you have to help the poor
andrew carnegie
steel
john d. rockefeller
standard oil
cornelius vanderbilt
shipping/railroads
j.p morgan
banking
captains of industry
-contributions to the economy
-philanthropy
-legacy/business empire still exist
robber barons
-cut wages then increased hours
-bad environments for work
-economy power
-to much influence in government
populism
aimed to give farmers a voice in politics (rural)
"the grange"
the patrons of husbandry-they pressured state legislatures to regulate railroads
wabash v. illinois
states did not have the right to regulate railroads because they were interstate transportation
-->only congress
direct primary
voters could choose candidates
initiative
voters could propose laws themselves
referendum
voters could create new laws by voting
recall
voters could vote a politician out of office
sherman antitrust act
limited abilities to form monopolies
17th amendment
direct election of senators
18th amendment
prohibited production, sale and transportation of alcohol (repealed 1932)
19th amendment
gave women the right to vote (ratified in 1920)
impacts the triangle shirtwaist fire had on societal reforms
led to the implementation of fire codes-doors open outwards-fire alarms-ventilation-lighting-sanitation
upton sinclair
exposed meat packing in chicago--"the jungle"
muckracker
investigative journalist of the gilded age
mountain men
men who made the trip to st.louis for fur trade/hunting
gains from the treaty of fort laramie 1851
Native Americans: protected them from US citizens, paid an annual annuity (goods) to the native americans if they remained peaceful United States:government may establish posts and roads, travelers/surveyors and construction men to enter safely, cease fighting with other tribes
native american tribes agree to in treaty of ft. loramie
sioux, cheyenne and arapaho agree to move onto "great sioux reservation" in south dakota, government will provide food and clothing (it doesn't), any native americans who leave the reservation to go hunting and considered hostile
battle of greasy grass in 1876
custer's last stand(he was killed) he and 215 men wiped out by 1,500-2,000 warriors
geronimo
apache war chief that surrendered in 1886
conflict with geronimo ultimately brought to a negotiated ending
geronimo agrees to surrender apaches sent to prison at st.augustine, florida geronimo dies at ft. sill oklahoma 1905
ghost dance
this ceremony contributed to the massacre at wounded knee--would make wearers of ghost shirt bulletproof
wounded knee
battle--mostly by friendly fire
assimilation
when you try to make one ethnic group blend into the more dominant one--make native americans more american
assimilation act
dawes act 1887 and the native american children were sent to "indian schools"
dawes act of 1887
split up reservations into individual family plots of land
"scramble for africa" and berlin conference (1885)
US not invited US~investments~sugar 1895~major revolt~guerilla warfare-concentration camps 1896~president mckinley
great sioux reservation
the sioux,cheyenne, and arapaho agreed to move on it in the treaty of ft. loramie and in return the government will provide food and clothing (it doesn't), any native americans who leave the reservation to go hunting and considered hostile
redemption
return democratic control to the south
issues that result in the outbreak of the spanish-american war
1.) Yellow journalism- "click bait", exaggeration
2.) Delôme letter- "mckinley weak"
3.) USS maine- blows up
territories the US gained from spain in the treaty of paris (1898)
1.) philippians-$20 million
2.) guam
3.) puerto Rico
treaty of versailles 1919
-treaty negotiations dominated by the "big four"(britian,france, italy,u.s)
-germany and austria-hungary not invited
trench warfare
a warfare technique used during world war 1
*they made and got in trenches
new warfare technologies(ww1)
-gas masks
-tanks
-planes
choctaw code talkers
navajo tribe
carthaginian peace
-john maynard keynes
-harsh conditions imposed on germany
roaring twenties
americans eager to return to peacetime
president calvin coolidge
-"silent cal"
-hands off approach
-pro business with few regulations
flappers
young independent women embracing their individual freedom---cosmetics, smoking, shorter skirts, bobbed hair---sexual independence
jazz
-roots in west african culture
-grew in new orleans
-migrated up the mississippi river
-improvisation(call and response)
harlem renaissance
growth in clubs and rock n roll
-rise of black artists
herbert hoover
believed in rugged individualism
believed private entities should provide relief
"rugged individualism"
believed in private entities should provide relief
reconstruction finance corporation
make loans to businesses
"bonus army"
congress enacts a $1000 bonus for world war 1 veterans to be paid in 1945
president franklin d. roosevelt
-contracted polio
*manipulation of the media to conceal illness-wins election of 1932 in a landslide (only loses 6 states)
100 days
roosevelt assembles a team of brilliant advisors(brain trust)
march 9-june 16,1933
*one bill after another
*emergency banking relief act
*federal review of bank soundness and stability
"fireside chats"
radio broadcasts to boost public confidence
democratic "new deal" coalition of voters (election of 1936)
-african americans
-southern democrats
-women
-immigrants
-ethnic minorities
-industrial workers
-progressives
-intellectuals
alphabet agencies
-agricultural adjustment act
-the civilian conservation corps
-public works administration
court packing scheme
-bill to increase the number of justices
*any member who reached 70 & had not retired within 6 months the president could appoint a new justice
(both democrats & republicans opposed)
okies
migrants from oklahoma
gestapo
"false flag" operation
--"attack" on german radio station
"rape of nanking", december 1937
city is sacked after japanese capture
-300,000 chinese citizens killed
-thousands of women raped under orders
**US responds by imposing trade
blitzkrieg
lightning war-combination and coordination of tanks, motorized units, aircraft
lebensraum
"living space"
japan's key targets
-US pacific fleet: pearl harbor, hawaii-cripple US navy for 1-2 years
japanese grand strategy
hit american, british, and sutch bases all over the pacific on the the same day--december 6/7, 1941
battle of midway
the turning point of the war in the pacific
black hills
sacred ground to the sioux people
d-day
june 6, 1944-the invasion of europe
trinity
the first test of the atomic bomb in new mexico
operation downfall
the planned invasion of japan scheduled for november 1945 that never happened
vichy france
the french that cooperated with the naxis during world war 2
appeasement
giving someone something in return for them promising not to do a certain thing again in the future
the "problem" of the sudetenland
appeasement: the munich agreement, 1938--agreement between germany, fran, britain, italy
US land-lease act (1941)
"cash and carry"-the amount totalled: $48,601,365,000
big three
roosevelt, churchill, and stalin
rationing
requiring civilians to cut back on food, fuel, or other war supplies to supply the military
dwight eisenhower
supreme allied commander for d-day
selective service act
the US draft law
executive order 9906
nisei put in internment as a result
red tails
nickname for the african american pilots that flew in the european theater
rosie the riveter
the symbol of us women working in the factories during world war 2
double v campaign
fighting fascism abroad and racism at home
Manhattan Project
the american program to build the atomic bomb
nagasaki
the second city to be attacked with an atomic weapon
Kamikaze
the japanese suicide pilots that attacked allied ships
nuremberg laws, 1935
-limited jews from german citizenship (can't vote)-jews and non-jews can't marry-jewish doctors/professors/lawyers fired-no property rights
dachau
first concentration camp
SS
nazi guards
-take charge of concentration camps in 1934
*"death head" unit were guards with skull and crossbone insignia
wannsee conference
agreed upon goals for the "final solution" and "jewish problem"
*meeting of ss,justice, transport,interior,state ministries
einsatzgruppen
mobile killing squads of SS used during the invasion of the soviet union
chelmno
the first nazi death camp
auschwitz-birkenau
the largest nazi death camp
t-4 program
-surveys distributed to german phycisians
-70,000+ patients collected and killed
-families notified~fake cause of death(urn returned)
*wouldn't make the "perfect" nazi
mukden incident
-"false flag" operation-japanese railroad attacked
ideological basis of the holocaust
-germany biologically was destined to expand eastward-german women encouraged to bear as many "pure" aryan children as possible-racially inferior people had to be eliminated
hitler's undesirable groups
Homosexuals, Gypsies, Roma,Jehovah's Witnesses, Ministers preaching opposition
project mercury
get a man into space and orbit the earth
nuremberg trials
nazi leaders taken to court
nuremberg defense
"i was only following orders"
--ruled invalid
berlin blockade
soviets were blocking things from getting into berlin
berlin airlift
-soviets cut off highway access to west berlin from west germany
-allies fly supplies into west berlin for the next year
*truman order b-29 bombers to britain
*soviets relent and call off blockade
korean war
1950-1953
-north korean communist forces invade south korea
-united nations authorizes a "police action" to defend south korea
-US forms core of 8th army in south korea
*communist china enters from the other side of north korea(early 1951)
-war ends in a stalemate in 1953 with the country divided at demilitarized zone(dmz)
nato
an international organization created for purposes of collective security
warsaw pact
treaty signed that formed with the eastern european countries
project gemini
to perform experiments in earth orbit to prepare for future moon missions-used a larger atlan rocket to boost into space-used a crew of two astronauts-would perform the first "space walks"
apollo program
to put a man on the moon-the saturn v rocket (3 man crew)
alan shepard (US)
"freedom 7"may 5,1961*first american astronaut in space
john glen (US)
"friendship 7"february 20, 1962*orbited the earth four times
sputnik-1 (ussr)
"fellow traveler"october 4,1957*first satellite in orbit
explorer 1 (US)
january 1,1988first US satellite in space
space shuttle program
1976-2011space shuttle enterprise (september 17,1976)*space shuttle columbia (april 1981)
challenger
-january 28, 1986booster rocket "O rings" crack in freezing weatherexplosion kills entire crew
named STS vehicles
columbiachallenger-endeavor-atlantis-discovery~international space station launched november 20,1988~
columbia
-shuttle was damaged to heating tiles on launch-burned up on reentry (crew lost)
james meredith
-september 1962-black student at university of mississippi-president kennedy ordered federal marshals to escort james meredith
malcom x
-difficult family life growing up-arrested for petty theft-while in jail converted to the nation of islamstrict rules of behavior, no drugs or alcohol and demanded a seperation of the racesled by the prophet elijah muhammad-he became the nation of islam's most prominent ministerhe broke away to form his own factionthree members of nation of islam were later convicted of assassinating malcolm-after his pilgrimage to mecca malcolm was more willing to consider limited acceptance of whites
mlk's final days
-disagreed with the call for "black power"-went to memphis,tn to support sanitation workers on strike"i have been to the mountain top"-assassinated by james earl ray~april 4,1968riots break out in a hundred cities
freedom riders, 1961
-attempted to desegregate interstate busses-they were attacked and beaten upon arrival in montgomery,al
freedom summer
college students from the north came to the south to register black voters-->murder of schwerner, chaney, goodman
redlining
refusing to rent or sell a house to anyone,anywhere based upon their race
the civil rights act of 1964
-signed into law by president lyndon johnson-prohibited discrimination in all parts of public life accommodations transportation education housing *jobs-federal government given authority to prosecute those who violated people's civil rights-outlawed discrimination in employment-established the equal employment opportunity commision(eeoc)
voting rights act 1965
-prohibited discrimination at voting polls-established bilingual ballots in areas with large amount of non-english speaking minorities-outlawed literacy test for voters-gave federal government power to oversee all elections
brown vs. board 1954
-NAACP challenged to the "separate but equal" ruling-the supreme court agreed with NAACP argument that segregated public education violates the constitution*desegregate "with all deliberate speed"--> opposition to the ruling declared that all the south would not integrate~white citizens council
SCLC
southern christian leadership conference that MLK established
little rock nine, 1957
-governor orville faubus, arizona*used national guard to block black students from registering
lunch counter sit-ins, 1960
-began in greensboro,nc-they spread throughout the U.S*people were harassed, attacked, and assaulted
black panthers
-symbol of young militant blacks-protected urban neighborhoods from police abuse*patrolled armed with guns-->led to stricter gun laws in california-created anti poverty programs-->provided lunch programs for children-carmichael was "honorary prime minister"
civil disobedience
breaking the law or causing a disturbance in order to get attention for your cause boycotts hunger strikes *petitions march and demonstrations strikes~must be public and can't retaliate
american indian movement
led by russell means*a group wanting civil rights for american indians
occupation of wounded knee
-pine ridge reservation*significance~armed standoff
vietnam war
1945-1975
vietminh
supporters of hu chi min
north vietnam
hu chi min
south vietnam
ngo din dien
president eisenhower
-nationalized the guard-orders 1,000 us troops to enforce law
kent state
4 students killed protesting the US invading cambodia
jackson state
2 students killed protesting the US invading cambodia
rolling thunder
air campaign
january 31,1968--tet(chinese new year)
-viet cong forces break truce-massive wave of attacks all over south vietnam
woodstock,ny 1969
400,000 attended(concert)
timothy leary
lsd/"acid" advocate
watergate hotel
hotel that was broken into to get information to help nixon win election
psychedelic rock
drug intended to get you high
hippies
young people who rebelled against the mainstream culture
h.r halderman
he was Richard Nixon's White House Chief of Staff
mark felt
gave information to the washington post on the watergate break-in
john ehrlichman
worked alongside h.r halderman in white house for nixon
john dean
White House attorney that led the Watergate cover-up
james mccord
He led the operation to break into the Watergate Hotel
archibald cox
The Special Prosecutor investigating the Watergate affair
saturday night massacre
The Attorney General and Deputy Attorney General were fired by Nixon
gerald ford
He became President of the United States when Nixon resigned
mayaguez incident
A U.S. rescue attempt failed to rescue an American ship seized by Cambodia
ford's pardon of nixon
-ford issues unconditional pardon to nixon
*"...for any crimes committed or that may have been committed while president..."
**universally unpopular--public wanted nixon tried in court
betty ford
She helped bring attention breast cancer screening
ronald reagan
The "Great Communicator",president,former governor of california,former actor
bicentennial
-200th anniversary of the declaration of independence
*massive celebrations across the nation
(parades,fireworks, band concerts,tall ship parades)
jimmy carter
Former Peanut farmer who became president in 1976
camp david accords
Peace agreement between Egypt and Israel
shah
the "king" of iran
love canal
-near niagara falls,ny
-800 families evacuated
-town was built upon a toxic waste dump
-led to the identification of other toxic waste dangers across the country
new executive departments
-department of education
-department of energy
Ayatollah Khomeini
Muslim leader who led iranian revolution
three mile island accident
Partial nuclear meltdown occurred scaring the nation
salt 2--strategic arms limitation talks 2
treaty between soviet union and united states to reduce nuclear warheads signed by carter
afghanistan
Nation invaded by the Soviet Union causing the U.S. olympic boycott
disco
A popular music genre of the late 1970s
operation eagle claw
Failed to rescue the American hostages in Iran
roller rinks
a popular place for entertainment during the 70s
studio 54
famous disco nightclub in the 70sG
american car industry (1970s)
big and inefficient
japanese car industry
compact cars
bicycles
Popular form of transportation for children and teens in the 1970s
oliver north
he took the blame for the iran-contra affair
*bought/sold weapons he should not have
iran-contra affair
congress forbids sale of weapons to anti-communist rebels in nicaragua("contras")
crack
Caused a drug epidemic in the inner cities of the United States
vietnam memorial
a wall with fallen soldiers names on it
*mixed emotions from america
aids
illness that seemed to break out among the gay community in san francisco
yuppies
young urban professionals
Mikhail Gorbachev
Leader of the Soviet Union who relaxed communism in the 1980s
twa flight 847
hijackers took over an american plane and reagan negotiated for the hostages back
--suppose to be no negotiation policy
tiananmen square
Massacre of protesting Chinese students in 1989
reaganomics
"trickle down" theory
internet
it "shrunk" the world
-it is available to anyone,anywhere, anytime
invasion of kuwait 1990
iraq invaded kuwait
saddam hussein
set fire to a lot of oil wells (apart of iraqi resistance)
--little and disorganized
1st gulf war
described as a "big hit"
-didn't hurt anyone except the bad guys
oklahoma city bombing
the federal building was in the center of an explosion
monica lewinsky scandal
-sex,power,money
*combined ideas of celebrity and constitutional government
**expansion of gossip and gossip into news
the concepts of celebrity being democratic/religious
-people who accomplished nothing get celebrated
-they are loved and worshipped (like god)
o.j simpson trial
like the lindbergh trail(1930s) because those are the only ones that could compete for national attention
andy warhol
he made instant icons (turned them into art)
--:"everyone will be famous for 15 min"
july 4,1876
100 years after signing declaration of independenec
november 11,1918
End of ww1
october 27,1929
stock market crash
september 1,1939
germany invades poland
december 7,1941
attack on pearl harbor
june 6,1944
d-day
Carpetbaggers
northern opportunists who came to the south after the war for financial gain
scalawags
southerners who cooperated with federal officials or the union
ku klux klan
founded in pulaski,tennessee in 1866--to intimidate and harass blacks in the south
thirteenth amenment
permanently ended slavery in the US
fourteenth amendment
defined citizenship and guaranteed the rights of the freedmen
fifteenth amendment
gave all men in the united states the right to vote
force acts
troops were sent into the south to end violence and intimidation if black voter
mississippi plan
scheme adopted to suppress the black vote in the election of 1876
reconstruction acts
divided the south into five military districts and implemented martial law
goals of radical reconstruction
-revenge
-concern for newly freed slaves
-political motivations
freedman's bureau
-helped established schools for newly freed slaves
-provided food/shelter
-negotiated contracts between freedmen/employees
-provided transportation to freedmen trying to reconnect with family members across the south
-assisted black soldiers/sailors to receive back pay,bonus payments and pension
black codes
Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves
examples:
-binding contracts to work on plantations
-licenses to work in non-agricultural jobs
-vagrancy laws
-not allowed to ride trains
waving the bloody shirt
republican strategy to rally voters to their cause following the civil war
plessy vs fergusun
-separate but equal" doctrine
jim crow laws
segregated public places
-restrooms
-water fountains
-train stations
-restaurants
sharecropping
given a piece of land to work on by farmer
1/3-1/2 of crop paid in rent
tenant farmer
paid rent to farmers in cash(instead of crops)
lincoln's reconstruction plan
wanted rapid reintegration of the south
wade davis bill
it required 51% if white voters to take loyalty oath in order for a state to be readmitted to the union--didn't pass
compromise of 1877
compromise that allowed hayes to become president but he must pull the troops from the south
-->reconstruction officially ends
-->a.k.a the "crime if 77" because it was an illegal way to become president
-->blacks received more rules to follow and laws that prohibited their rights(jim crow)
monopoly
one business has complete control of a product or service
graft
money paid to a political machines for favors
piecework
workers got paid a fixed amount for each finished product
sweatshop
employees work long hours at low wages in poor conditions
tenements
low cost buildings to house as many families as possible --little space,communal bathrooms, poor ventilation
ghettos
urban neighborhood dominated by an ethnic/racial group
pendleton service act
applicants for government jobs have to prove ability to do the job (take a test)
jacob riis
how the other half lives--picture book showing lives of poor people
jane addams
hull house in chicago
social gospel movement
sought to apply the teachings of jesus directly to society
chinese exclusion act of 1882
under pressure from labor unions, congress prohibited chinese immigration (until 1943)
gentlemen's agreement
no segregation, but japan stop giving laborers passports
arriving from east
went through new york--ellis island
arriving from west
went through san francisco--angel island
1st wave of immigration
irish~late 1840s
germans~1848
old immigrants
2nd wave of immigration
chinese~1860s-1880s
3rd wave of immigration
eastern and southern europe~1880s-1920s
new forms of transportation
-trains
-subways
-trolley
new forms of technology
-electric
trolly/train/subway
-skyscrapers
gospel of wealth
carnegie--had so much money you have to help the poor
andrew carnegie
steel
john d. rockefeller
standard oil
cornelius vanderbilt
shipping/railroads
j.p morgan
banking
captains of industry
-contributions to the economy
-philanthropy
-legacy/business empire still exist
robber barons
-cut wages then increased hours
-bad environments for work
-economy power
-to much influence in government
populism
aimed to give farmers a voice in politics (rural)
"the grange"
the patrons of husbandry-they pressured state legislatures to regulate railroads
wabash v. illinois
states did not have the right to regulate railroads because they were interstate transportation
-->only congress
direct primary
voters could choose candidates
initiative
voters could propose laws themselves
referendum
voters could create new laws by voting
recall
voters could vote a politician out of office
sherman antitrust act
limited abilities to form monopolies
17th amendment
direct election of senators
18th amendment
prohibited production, sale and transportation of alcohol (repealed 1932)
19th amendment
gave women the right to vote (ratified in 1920)
impacts the triangle shirtwaist fire had on societal reforms
led to the implementation of fire codes-doors open outwards-fire alarms-ventilation-lighting-sanitation
upton sinclair
exposed meat packing in chicago--"the jungle"
muckracker
investigative journalist of the gilded age
mountain men
men who made the trip to st.louis for fur trade/hunting
gains from the treaty of fort laramie 1851
Native Americans: protected them from US citizens, paid an annual annuity (goods) to the native americans if they remained peaceful United States:government may establish posts and roads, travelers/surveyors and construction men to enter safely, cease fighting with other tribes
native american tribes agree to in treaty of ft. loramie
sioux, cheyenne and arapaho agree to move onto "great sioux reservation" in south dakota, government will provide food and clothing (it doesn't), any native americans who leave the reservation to go hunting and considered hostile
battle of greasy grass in 1876
custer's last stand(he was killed) he and 215 men wiped out by 1,500-2,000 warriors
geronimo
apache war chief that surrendered in 1886
conflict with geronimo ultimately brought to a negotiated ending
geronimo agrees to surrender apaches sent to prison at st.augustine, florida geronimo dies at ft. sill oklahoma 1905
ghost dance
this ceremony contributed to the massacre at wounded knee--would make wearers of ghost shirt bulletproof
wounded knee
battle--mostly by friendly fire
assimilation
when you try to make one ethnic group blend into the more dominant one--make native americans more american
assimilation act
dawes act 1887 and the native american children were sent to "indian schools"
dawes act of 1887
split up reservations into individual family plots of land
"scramble for africa" and berlin conference (1885)
US not invited US~investments~sugar 1895~major revolt~guerilla warfare-concentration camps 1896~president mckinley
great sioux reservation
the sioux,cheyenne, and arapaho agreed to move on it in the treaty of ft. loramie and in return the government will provide food and clothing (it doesn't), any native americans who leave the reservation to go hunting and considered hostile
redemption
return democratic control to the south
issues that result in the outbreak of the spanish-american war
1.) Yellow journalism- "click bait", exaggeration
2.) Delôme letter- "mckinley weak"
3.) USS maine- blows up
territories the US gained from spain in the treaty of paris (1898)
1.) philippians-$20 million
2.) guam
3.) puerto Rico
treaty of versailles 1919
-treaty negotiations dominated by the "big four"(britian,france, italy,u.s)
-germany and austria-hungary not invited
trench warfare
a warfare technique used during world war 1
*they made and got in trenches
new warfare technologies(ww1)
-gas masks
-tanks
-planes
choctaw code talkers
navajo tribe
carthaginian peace
-john maynard keynes
-harsh conditions imposed on germany
roaring twenties
americans eager to return to peacetime
president calvin coolidge
-"silent cal"
-hands off approach
-pro business with few regulations
flappers
young independent women embracing their individual freedom---cosmetics, smoking, shorter skirts, bobbed hair---sexual independence
jazz
-roots in west african culture
-grew in new orleans
-migrated up the mississippi river
-improvisation(call and response)
harlem renaissance
growth in clubs and rock n roll
-rise of black artists
herbert hoover
believed in rugged individualism
believed private entities should provide relief
"rugged individualism"
believed in private entities should provide relief
reconstruction finance corporation
make loans to businesses
"bonus army"
congress enacts a $1000 bonus for world war 1 veterans to be paid in 1945
president franklin d. roosevelt
-contracted polio
*manipulation of the media to conceal illness-wins election of 1932 in a landslide (only loses 6 states)
100 days
roosevelt assembles a team of brilliant advisors(brain trust)
march 9-june 16,1933
*one bill after another
*emergency banking relief act
*federal review of bank soundness and stability
"fireside chats"
radio broadcasts to boost public confidence
democratic "new deal" coalition of voters (election of 1936)
-african americans
-southern democrats
-women
-immigrants
-ethnic minorities
-industrial workers
-progressives
-intellectuals
alphabet agencies
-agricultural adjustment act
-the civilian conservation corps
-public works administration
court packing scheme
-bill to increase the number of justices
*any member who reached 70 & had not retired within 6 months the president could appoint a new justice
(both democrats & republicans opposed)
okies
migrants from oklahoma
gestapo
"false flag" operation
--"attack" on german radio station
"rape of nanking", december 1937
city is sacked after japanese capture
-300,000 chinese citizens killed
-thousands of women raped under orders
**US responds by imposing trade
blitzkrieg
lightning war-combination and coordination of tanks, motorized units, aircraft
lebensraum
"living space"
japan's key targets
-US pacific fleet: pearl harbor, hawaii-cripple US navy for 1-2 years
japanese grand strategy
hit american, british, and sutch bases all over the pacific on the the same day--december 6/7, 1941
battle of midway
the turning point of the war in the pacific
black hills
sacred ground to the sioux people
d-day
june 6, 1944-the invasion of europe
trinity
the first test of the atomic bomb in new mexico
operation downfall
the planned invasion of japan scheduled for november 1945 that never happened
vichy france
the french that cooperated with the naxis during world war 2
appeasement
giving someone something in return for them promising not to do a certain thing again in the future
the "problem" of the sudetenland
appeasement: the munich agreement, 1938--agreement between germany, fran, britain, italy
US land-lease act (1941)
"cash and carry"-the amount totalled: $48,601,365,000
big three
roosevelt, churchill, and stalin
rationing
requiring civilians to cut back on food, fuel, or other war supplies to supply the military
dwight eisenhower
supreme allied commander for d-day
selective service act
the US draft law
executive order 9906
nisei put in internment as a result
red tails
nickname for the african american pilots that flew in the european theater
rosie the riveter
the symbol of us women working in the factories during world war 2
double v campaign
fighting fascism abroad and racism at home
Manhattan Project
the american program to build the atomic bomb
nagasaki
the second city to be attacked with an atomic weapon
Kamikaze
the japanese suicide pilots that attacked allied ships
nuremberg laws, 1935
-limited jews from german citizenship (can't vote)-jews and non-jews can't marry-jewish doctors/professors/lawyers fired-no property rights
dachau
first concentration camp
SS
nazi guards
-take charge of concentration camps in 1934
*"death head" unit were guards with skull and crossbone insignia
wannsee conference
agreed upon goals for the "final solution" and "jewish problem"
*meeting of ss,justice, transport,interior,state ministries
einsatzgruppen
mobile killing squads of SS used during the invasion of the soviet union
chelmno
the first nazi death camp
auschwitz-birkenau
the largest nazi death camp
t-4 program
-surveys distributed to german phycisians
-70,000+ patients collected and killed
-families notified~fake cause of death(urn returned)
*wouldn't make the "perfect" nazi
mukden incident
-"false flag" operation-japanese railroad attacked
ideological basis of the holocaust
-germany biologically was destined to expand eastward-german women encouraged to bear as many "pure" aryan children as possible-racially inferior people had to be eliminated
hitler's undesirable groups
Homosexuals, Gypsies, Roma,Jehovah's Witnesses, Ministers preaching opposition
project mercury
get a man into space and orbit the earth
nuremberg trials
nazi leaders taken to court
nuremberg defense
"i was only following orders"
--ruled invalid
berlin blockade
soviets were blocking things from getting into berlin
berlin airlift
-soviets cut off highway access to west berlin from west germany
-allies fly supplies into west berlin for the next year
*truman order b-29 bombers to britain
*soviets relent and call off blockade
korean war
1950-1953
-north korean communist forces invade south korea
-united nations authorizes a "police action" to defend south korea
-US forms core of 8th army in south korea
*communist china enters from the other side of north korea(early 1951)
-war ends in a stalemate in 1953 with the country divided at demilitarized zone(dmz)
nato
an international organization created for purposes of collective security
warsaw pact
treaty signed that formed with the eastern european countries
project gemini
to perform experiments in earth orbit to prepare for future moon missions-used a larger atlan rocket to boost into space-used a crew of two astronauts-would perform the first "space walks"
apollo program
to put a man on the moon-the saturn v rocket (3 man crew)
alan shepard (US)
"freedom 7"may 5,1961*first american astronaut in space
john glen (US)
"friendship 7"february 20, 1962*orbited the earth four times
sputnik-1 (ussr)
"fellow traveler"october 4,1957*first satellite in orbit
explorer 1 (US)
january 1,1988first US satellite in space
space shuttle program
1976-2011space shuttle enterprise (september 17,1976)*space shuttle columbia (april 1981)
challenger
-january 28, 1986booster rocket "O rings" crack in freezing weatherexplosion kills entire crew
named STS vehicles
columbiachallenger-endeavor-atlantis-discovery~international space station launched november 20,1988~
columbia
-shuttle was damaged to heating tiles on launch-burned up on reentry (crew lost)
james meredith
-september 1962-black student at university of mississippi-president kennedy ordered federal marshals to escort james meredith
malcom x
-difficult family life growing up-arrested for petty theft-while in jail converted to the nation of islamstrict rules of behavior, no drugs or alcohol and demanded a seperation of the racesled by the prophet elijah muhammad-he became the nation of islam's most prominent ministerhe broke away to form his own factionthree members of nation of islam were later convicted of assassinating malcolm-after his pilgrimage to mecca malcolm was more willing to consider limited acceptance of whites
mlk's final days
-disagreed with the call for "black power"-went to memphis,tn to support sanitation workers on strike"i have been to the mountain top"-assassinated by james earl ray~april 4,1968riots break out in a hundred cities
freedom riders, 1961
-attempted to desegregate interstate busses-they were attacked and beaten upon arrival in montgomery,al
freedom summer
college students from the north came to the south to register black voters-->murder of schwerner, chaney, goodman
redlining
refusing to rent or sell a house to anyone,anywhere based upon their race
the civil rights act of 1964
-signed into law by president lyndon johnson-prohibited discrimination in all parts of public life accommodations transportation education housing *jobs-federal government given authority to prosecute those who violated people's civil rights-outlawed discrimination in employment-established the equal employment opportunity commision(eeoc)
voting rights act 1965
-prohibited discrimination at voting polls-established bilingual ballots in areas with large amount of non-english speaking minorities-outlawed literacy test for voters-gave federal government power to oversee all elections
brown vs. board 1954
-NAACP challenged to the "separate but equal" ruling-the supreme court agreed with NAACP argument that segregated public education violates the constitution*desegregate "with all deliberate speed"--> opposition to the ruling declared that all the south would not integrate~white citizens council
SCLC
southern christian leadership conference that MLK established
little rock nine, 1957
-governor orville faubus, arizona*used national guard to block black students from registering
lunch counter sit-ins, 1960
-began in greensboro,nc-they spread throughout the U.S*people were harassed, attacked, and assaulted
black panthers
-symbol of young militant blacks-protected urban neighborhoods from police abuse*patrolled armed with guns-->led to stricter gun laws in california-created anti poverty programs-->provided lunch programs for children-carmichael was "honorary prime minister"
civil disobedience
breaking the law or causing a disturbance in order to get attention for your cause boycotts hunger strikes *petitions march and demonstrations strikes~must be public and can't retaliate
american indian movement
led by russell means*a group wanting civil rights for american indians
occupation of wounded knee
-pine ridge reservation*significance~armed standoff
vietnam war
1945-1975
vietminh
supporters of hu chi min
north vietnam
hu chi min
south vietnam
ngo din dien
president eisenhower
-nationalized the guard-orders 1,000 us troops to enforce law
kent state
4 students killed protesting the US invading cambodia
jackson state
2 students killed protesting the US invading cambodia
rolling thunder
air campaign
january 31,1968--tet(chinese new year)
-viet cong forces break truce-massive wave of attacks all over south vietnam
woodstock,ny 1969
400,000 attended(concert)
timothy leary
lsd/"acid" advocate
watergate hotel
hotel that was broken into to get information to help nixon win election
psychedelic rock
drug intended to get you high
hippies
young people who rebelled against the mainstream culture
h.r halderman
he was Richard Nixon's White House Chief of Staff
mark felt
gave information to the washington post on the watergate break-in
john ehrlichman
worked alongside h.r halderman in white house for nixon
john dean
White House attorney that led the Watergate cover-up
james mccord
He led the operation to break into the Watergate Hotel
archibald cox
The Special Prosecutor investigating the Watergate affair
saturday night massacre
The Attorney General and Deputy Attorney General were fired by Nixon
gerald ford
He became President of the United States when Nixon resigned
mayaguez incident
A U.S. rescue attempt failed to rescue an American ship seized by Cambodia
ford's pardon of nixon
-ford issues unconditional pardon to nixon
*"...for any crimes committed or that may have been committed while president..."
**universally unpopular--public wanted nixon tried in court
betty ford
She helped bring attention breast cancer screening
ronald reagan
The "Great Communicator",president,former governor of california,former actor
bicentennial
-200th anniversary of the declaration of independence
*massive celebrations across the nation
(parades,fireworks, band concerts,tall ship parades)
jimmy carter
Former Peanut farmer who became president in 1976
camp david accords
Peace agreement between Egypt and Israel
shah
the "king" of iran
love canal
-near niagara falls,ny
-800 families evacuated
-town was built upon a toxic waste dump
-led to the identification of other toxic waste dangers across the country
new executive departments
-department of education
-department of energy
Ayatollah Khomeini
Muslim leader who led iranian revolution
three mile island accident
Partial nuclear meltdown occurred scaring the nation
salt 2--strategic arms limitation talks 2
treaty between soviet union and united states to reduce nuclear warheads signed by carter
afghanistan
Nation invaded by the Soviet Union causing the U.S. olympic boycott
disco
A popular music genre of the late 1970s
operation eagle claw
Failed to rescue the American hostages in Iran
roller rinks
a popular place for entertainment during the 70s
studio 54
famous disco nightclub in the 70sG
american car industry (1970s)
big and inefficient
japanese car industry
compact cars
bicycles
Popular form of transportation for children and teens in the 1970s
oliver north
he took the blame for the iran-contra affair
*bought/sold weapons he should not have
iran-contra affair
congress forbids sale of weapons to anti-communist rebels in nicaragua("contras")
crack
Caused a drug epidemic in the inner cities of the United States
vietnam memorial
a wall with fallen soldiers names on it
*mixed emotions from america
aids
illness that seemed to break out among the gay community in san francisco
yuppies
young urban professionals
Mikhail Gorbachev
Leader of the Soviet Union who relaxed communism in the 1980s
twa flight 847
hijackers took over an american plane and reagan negotiated for the hostages back
--suppose to be no negotiation policy
tiananmen square
Massacre of protesting Chinese students in 1989
reaganomics
"trickle down" theory
internet
it "shrunk" the world
-it is available to anyone,anywhere, anytime
invasion of kuwait 1990
iraq invaded kuwait
saddam hussein
set fire to a lot of oil wells (apart of iraqi resistance)
--little and disorganized
1st gulf war
described as a "big hit"
-didn't hurt anyone except the bad guys
oklahoma city bombing
the federal building was in the center of an explosion
monica lewinsky scandal
-sex,power,money
*combined ideas of celebrity and constitutional government
**expansion of gossip and gossip into news
the concepts of celebrity being democratic/religious
-people who accomplished nothing get celebrated
-they are loved and worshipped (like god)
o.j simpson trial
like the lindbergh trail(1930s) because those are the only ones that could compete for national attention
andy warhol
he made instant icons (turned them into art)
--:"everyone will be famous for 15 min"
july 4,1876
100 years after signing declaration of independenec
november 11,1918
End of ww1
october 27,1929
stock market crash
september 1,1939
germany invades poland
december 7,1941
attack on pearl harbor
june 6,1944
d-day