final exam study guide

Verbs Endings

Stem-Changing Verbs

e:ie

    Empenzar → empienz_ (to begin)

    cerrar → cierr_ (to open)

    comenzar → comienz_ (to begin)

    entender → entiend_ (to understand)

    pensar → piens_ (to think)

    perder → pierd_ (to lose)

    preferir → prefier_ (to prefer)

    querer → quier_ (to want/love)

o:ue

    volver → vuelv_ (to return)

    almorzar → almuerz_ (to have lunch)

    contar → cuent_ (to count)

    dormir → duerm_ (to sleep)

    encontrar → encuentr_ (to find)

    mostrar → muestr_ (to show)

    poder → pued_ (to be able to)

    recordar → recuerd_ (to remember)

e:i

    pedir → pid_ (to ask)

    decir → dic_ OR digo (to say)

• YO-GO verbs

    repetir → repit_ (to repeat)

    seguir - sig_ (to continue)

    conseguir → consig_ (to get)

u:ue

    jugar → jueg_ (to play)

Irregular Verbs

ver - to see

oír - to hear

ir - to go

dar - to give

decir - to say

saber and conocer

saber → to know

conocer → to know

Saber:

• saber means to know facts

  • facts, info, how to do something

  • examples

    • Sé que tu hermano es alto. (I know that your brother is tall)

    • Saben mi nombre. (they know my name)

Conocer:

• conocer means to know people/places

  • to express being familiar with a person, place, or thing

  • examples

    • Conozco a tu amigo (I know your friend)

    • conoces a mi hermana (you met my sister)

Reflexive verbs

• you to yourself

Estar and Ser

estar → to be

• temporary

    Positions

    Locations

    Actions

    Conditions

    Emotions

ser → to be

• permanent

    Descriptions

    Occupations

    Characteristics

    Time

    Origins

    Relations

Present Progressive

• actions happening in the moment

-ando

-iendo

-yendo

example - el está leyendo

•    he is reading

Direct Object Nouns and Pronouns

Direct object pronouns

Indirect Object Pronouns

Yo-Go verbs

hacer - to do

poner - to put

salir - to go out

suponer - to suppose

traer - to bring