semester one terms

Tissue pH greater than 7.4	Alkalosis (basic)
Normal blood pH	7.35 (neutral)
Tissue pH less than 7.35	Acidosis (acidic)
Molecules that reduce or increase the pH in the body in an effort to maintain normal pH levels	Buffers
What happens to enzymes when normal pH is not maintained	They break down and don’t work
Molecules that do not dissolve in water are called (water fearing)	Hydrophobic molecules
Molecules that dissolve in water are called (water loving)	Hydrophilic molecules
Are carbohydrates hydrophobic or hydrophilic	Hydrophilic
Name one of the roles of water in the human body	Protects cells, tissues, organs Helps to process body waste Helps in digestion Helps to regulate body temp.
This macromolecule breaks apart molecules to make energy	Adenosine Triphosphate
These macromolecules are needed for chemical reactions	Vitamins
These macromolecules are chemical messengers in the nervous system	Neurotransmitters
These are chemical messengers for the body	Hormones
These molecules are directly released into the bloodstream	Hormones
The process where m-RNA is made from DNA is called	Transcription
The process where m-RNA is read to make amino acid chains is	Translation
Long chains of polypeptide chains that have a specific function are called	Proteins
These biological molecules are responsible for creating and maintaining human structures	Proteins
Polypeptide chains are composed of individual units called	Amino acids
Amino acids are bonded together by this type of covalent bond	Peptide bond
DNA and RNA are classified as this type of biological molecule	Nucleic acid
What are two general types of biological molecules that contain nitrogen	Proteins and nucleic acids
This type of nucleic acid is single stranded	RNA
This type of nucleic acid is double stranded	DNA
This type of nucleic acid contains uracil	RNA
This type of nucleic acid contains thymine	DNA
This is the biological molecule that contains the blueprint for maintaining the organism and provides the genetic basis for all living things	Nucleic acids/DNA
What type of biological molecule are hormones	Proteins or lipids
This is the model used to describe how proteins interact with other molecules	Lock and key model
This type of protein is directly released into the bloodstream	Hormone
This type of protein speeds up chemical reactions	Hormone
This type of protein is a biological catalyst	Enzyme
These molecules use the lock and key model to function properly	Protein
This is the enzyme needed to break down lactose	Lactase
These amino acids can be manufactured within the body	Non essential amino acids
These amino acids must be obtained within the diet	Essential amino acids
These biological molecules are produced by nucleic acids	Proteins
This is a type of lipid	Prostaglandin, phospholipid, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, cholesterol
Sticky cholesterol deposits found on blood vessel walls	plaque
Elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood stream	hypercholesterolemia
Cholesterol is this type of biological molecule	Lipid
Molecular waste from breaking down triglycerides for energy	Ketone bodies
This biological molecule stores energy, insulates the body, protects organs, provides structure, and is hydrophobic	Lipid
This biological molecule is composed of glycerol and fatty acids	Lipid
This biological molecule is the “go to” molecule for quick energy	Carbohydrates
Name a type of carbohydrates	cellulose , starch, glycogen

How do the centrioles organize microtubules?	held together by supporting proteins.
What is the function of the nucleolus?	Synthesize proteins and ribosomes and transcribes rRNA
What is the function of the Centrioles?	They function in mitosis; they organize microtubules.
What does the cytoskeleton do?	It provides shape and structure for the cell
What cellular structure is in charge of keeping the other organelles in place and protecting them?	Cytoplasm
Which cellular structure is composed of a jelly-like fluid in which other organelles are found?	cytoplasm
Where is the nucleolus located?	In the center of the nucleus
What energy molecule does the mitochondria make?	adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What does the cytoskeleton look like?	long fibers that are arranged in a network
What is the job of the cytoskeleton?	Provide structure to the cell
Why is the nucleus important to the cell?	It houses the cell's DNA and instructs the rest of the cell parts on what they must do.
What is the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?	to synthesize lipids.
What is the job of the Flagella?	Assists the cell in movement.
What does the cilia do?	Moves the cell around, and moves fluids past the cell
What is the job of Nucleic Acids?	hold and express genetic information
What nucleic acid pairs together?	Thymine(T), Cytosine(C), Guanine(G), Adenine(A)
What organelle prepares, modifies, and sorts proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum?	Golgi apparatus
What does the Golgi Apparatus structure look like?	Made of pink, flat sacks stacked on top of eachother
Why are ribosomes important?	protein synthesis and translating information encoded in mRNA
What does the structure of a ribosome look like?	Ribosomes have 2 RNA-protein subunits that are small and round.
What is the function of a peroxisome?	oxidative organelles that have enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids.
What is a harmful product of a peroxisomes function?	Hydrogen peroxide.
Hair- like organelle that moves debris up and out of our airways	Cilia
What type of cells contains membrane bound organelles?	Eukaryotic cells
Undifferentiated cells, can differentiate into many types, sensitive to particular chemicals	Stem cells
The actual cells in the blastula that differentiate into tissues and organs.	Inner cell mass Inner mass cell
Cells capable of giving rise to any cell type in the body	totipotent
Cells capable of giving rise to a particular tissues	pluripotent
Cells that are not as diverse as other stem cells	multipotent
Cells that can only be one type of cell	unipotent
CRISPR lets you edit DNA by using snippets of DNA sequences	CRISPR
Do all cells have the same shape and size?	No. Cell shape relies on the job of the cell
The plasma membrane is described by this model	Fluid Mosaic Model
What is the job of the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?	Regulation of Substances into and out of the cell.
What is the job of proteins in the plasma membrane	Structure/ “Doorways” into the cell.
What is the job of glycolipids and glycoproteins in the plasma membrane	Cell recognition
Particles that move from a high concentration to a low concentration is known as	diffusion
Is formed when there is an area of high concentration and another area of low concentration of a substance	Concentration gradient
No energy is needed to transport through a membrane. Moves with Concentration gradient	Passive transport
The movement of water across the cell membrane	Osmosis
What does active transport use that passive transport doesn’t use?	ATP
The steeper the ? the ? diffusion takes place	Concentration gradient, faster
Within a cell	intracellular
Outside of the cell	extracellular
The movement of particles across the cell membrane along the concentration gradient	Simple diffusion
Type of diffusion that uses carrier proteins	Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion that gets help from carrier proteins to allow access to the cell	Carrier-mediated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion	Channel-mediated diffusion
Basic solutions consist of these two substances	Solutes and solvents
The Substance that is being dissolved	Solute
Dissolves the solute in a solution	solvent
Solution with a smaller concentration of solute as compared to the cell	Hypotonic solution
Solution with a larger concentration of solute compared to the cell	Hypertonic solution
Solution with equal amounts of solute as the cell	Isotonic solution
Crenation takes place in a cell due to what type of solution?	Hypertonic solution
How does the water flow when a cell becomes crenated?	Water flows out of the cell
______ happens when animal cells come in contact with a hypertonic solution	crenated
What takes place in a cell when the cell swells up?	Hypotonic solution/ Cytolysis
How does the water flow when a cell becomes swollen	Water flows into the cell
The state of balance between movement	Dynamic equilibrium
___ is a solution with equal amounts of solute compared to the cell?	Isotonic solution
What happens to a cell when it is in an isotonic solution?	The cell does not change
How does the water flow in a situation where a cell is in an isotonic solution?	Water constantly flows in either direction maintaining the balance of solutions
What are two basic forms of membrane transport?	Passive and Active
Why is membrane transport important?	Essential for cellular life
A membrane that does not allow anything to pass is called…	Non permeable
A membrane that allows objects of a particular size is called…	Semi- permeable
A membrane that allows only certain substances into the cell is called…	Selective Permeable
The plasma membrane is considered to be this type of permeability	Selectively permeable
Diffusion of water through a membrane is called	osmosis
This type of membrane transport moves along the concentration gradient	Osmosis, diffusion, all of passive transport
This type of transport uses proteins to help with diffusion	Facilitated transport
Molecules of specific shape can enter protein channels only when the gates are open (this is a type of diffusion)	Channel Mediated Transport
This basic type of membrane transport uses energy	Active transport
What type of energy (the specific molecule) is used in cells?	ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What is the term for bulk transportation into the cell?	endocytosis
What is the term for bulk transportation out of the cell	exocytosis
What are two types of endocytosis?	Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis
“Fluid drinking”	Pinocytosis
“Cell eating”	Phagocytosis
Metabolism relies on what type of chemical in order for reactions to occur in a timely fashion?	Enzyme
What is the name for energy required to make a reaction occur?	Activation energy
How are the terms “activation energy” and “enzyme” related?	Enzymes lower the activation energy required to make reactions occur
What is the general term for “chemical reactions in a cell that includes storage or use of energy”?	metabolism
The two structures that are important in metabolism are…	Mitochondria Enzymes
The process where the body uses the energy released by catabolism to synthesize complex molecules	anabolism
The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones	catabolism
An example of this type of metabolic cycle is gluconeogenesis	Anabolic
An example of this type of metabolic cycle is cellular respiration	Catabolic
An example of this type of metabolic cycle is protein synthesis	Anabolism
An example of this type of metabolic cycle is the formation of glycogen	Anabolism
This catabolic pathway is responsible for converting food particles into a useable form of energy	Cellular Respiration
What are the 3 cycles involved in cellular respiration?	1.Glycolysis 2.Kreb’s Cycle (citric acid cycle) 3.Electron Transport
Electron transport is responsible for making this many ATP’s out of one glucose molecule	32 ATP’s
These two cycles make 2 ATP from one molecule of glucose	Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle
What can the electron transport chain do with the electron carriers from glycolysis and krebs cycle?	Creates a proton gradient that ultimately leads to the production of a large amount of ATP
The waste product of the krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) is …	Carbon dioxide
The products from the electron transport chain are…	Water and ATP
Provides energy to drive and support many processes in the living cell; the primary molecule used for energy in the human body.	Adenosine triphosphate
Chemical process when molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically	Fermentation
Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?	Cytoplasm
Where in the cell does the electron transport chain take place	Mitochondria
Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place	Mitochondria
The other name for “the electron transport chain” is	Oxidative phosphorylation
The other name for the “krebs cycle” is	Citric acid cycle
What is the glucose converted to at the end of glycolysis	Pyruvate
If oxygen is not present during glycolysis what happens to pyruvate?	Reduced to lactic acid or ethanol during fermentation
If oxygen is present during glycolysis what happens to pyruvate?	It is converted into usable molecules for more processing in the kreb’s cycle; in the mitochondrion
A molecule that is created in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle that is eventually transformed into ATP in the electron transport chain.	NADH
Transports electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain.	FADH₂
Do proteins and fat go through the cycle of glycolysis? Why or why not?	Not all, some go through the latter part of glycolysis. These molecules are not broken down by the enzymes that drive glycolysis.
What is a by-product of the electron transport chain?	Water and ATP
The total number of ATP that can be made from one molecule of glucose with cellular respiration	34-36
What is an example of anabolism?	Bone development, muscle gain
Copying DNA into mRNA	transcription
Converting mRNA message into amino acid messages	translation
Event series that take place in the cell that causes a divide into two daughter cells.	Cell cycle
The type of reproduction that occurs during mitosis	Asexual reproduction
The type of reproduction that occurs during meiosis	Production of haploid gametes
The number of chromosomes that a human cell possesses after mitosis has happened	46 chromosomes
The number of chromosomes that a human gamete possesses after meiosis has happened	One set of 23 chromosomes
A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes	haploid
A cell that contains two complete sets of of chromosomes	diploid
Two reasons for mitosis to occur	growth , repair
Divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells	cytokinesis
Male sex glands that make sperm	testes
One of the pairs of female glands in which the eggs form	ovary
The male gamete	Sperm
The female gamete	Ova (eggs)
This meiotic process results in ? haploid male gametes	4
The female meiotic process results in ? ovum and ? polar bodies	1; 3
The process where DNA of the egg merge with the DNA of the sperm	Fertilization
What is the purpose of intercellular junctions?	Allows the transport of ions, nutrients and other substances that enable cells to communicate; connects one cell to another
What are the 3 basic kinds of intercellular junctions?	Tight junctions gap junctions and desmosomes
A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function	tissues
Tissues that line openings are called	Epithelial tissue
Tissues that are involved in movement are called	Muscle tissue
Tissues that transmit electrical impulses for internal communication are called	Nervous tissue
Tissues that support, protect, connect and bind structures together are called	Connective tissue

A collection of similar cells to perform a specific function	tissues
When a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one	cell differentiation
The four basic types of tissues	Connective, epithelial, muscle nervous
The tissue responsible for movement	Muscular
The tissue that lines the blood vessels	Epithelial cells
The tissue that plays a role in connecting different parts of the body	Connective tissue
Covers body surfaces	Epithelial tissues
Type of epithelial cell	Simple squamous cells
Looks like more than one layer but it isn’t; epithelial cell	Pseudostratified ciliated cells
Tissue involved with fat storage; connective tissue	Adipose tissue
Glands that secrete directly into the bloodstream	Endocrine glands
Glands that secrete into ducts	Exocrine glands
Mucus secreting cells	Goblet cells
Glands are lined by this type of tissue	Epithelial
The three basic types of exocrine glands	merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine
What do goblet cells produce?	mucus
These exocrine glands have cells that produce products that are packaged into individual vesicles and released through ducts	Apocrine glands
These exocrine glands have cells that produce products that are released when the cell self-destructs	Holocrine
These exocrine glands have cells whose products pass through the plasma membrane without vesicle (by exocytosis)	Merocrine
Mammary Glands	Apocrine gland example
Sebaceous glands (oil producing)	Holocrine gland example
Salivary glands	Merocrine gland example
Tissue that makes up the epidermis of the skin	stratified squamous epithelium
Protein found in connective tissues.	collagen
The cell that is responsible for making collagen	fibroblasts
Why is collagen important?	It provides structure and is found in many connective tissues
The medullary cavity of bones is lined with this type of cell	Epithelial tissue
secreted by cells ; consists of protein and polysaccharide base (proteoglycans)	matrix
Makes cartilage connective tissue	chondrocytes
A type of epithelial cell that is shaped like a square or cube.	Cuboidal cells
One layer thick of the squamous epithelial tissue	Simple squamous cells
A type of tissue that changes shape in response to stretching	Transitional epithelium
A type of connective tissue	bone
A connective tissue that is mainly composed of fat cells	Adipose tissue
What 4 accessory organs are found in the integumentary system?	Hair, Muscle, Glands, Nails
List four functions of the skin	Protection, flexibility, sensation, excretion
Skin	Cutaneous membrane
2 layers of the skin are	Epidermis and Dermis
2 layers of the cutaneous membrane are	Epidermis and Dermis
The outermost layer of the skin is the	Stratum Corneum/Epidermis
This is what makes fingerprints	Dermal Papilla/Papillary layer of the dermis
From most superficial to most deep, what are the 5 layers of the epidermis?	Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale
This layer of the epidermis appears to have many dots (granules)	Stratum Granulosum
This layer of the epidermis undergoes mitosis	Stratum Basale
This layer of the epidermis does not have blood vessels	All 5 layers do not have blood vessels
This layer of the epidermis appears to have strings attached from one cell to another	Stratum Spinosum
This layer of the epidermis appears to be clear of any markings	Stratum Lucidum
This layer of the epidermis is also known as the stratum germinativum	Stratum Basale
This cell type is found in the epidermis and is responsible for creating keratin	Keratinocytes
This cell type is found in the epidermis and is responsible for defense	Dendritic cells
This cell type is found in the epidermis and is responsible for making pigment	Melanocytes
This cell type is found in the epidermis and is responsible for sensing light touch	Merkel’s Cells
This molecule that is made in the epidermis is responsible for water-proofing the outer layer of skin	Keratin
This molecule manufactured in the epidermis is responsible for protection of the skin from the sun’s rays	Melanin
This epidermal cell is also known as Langerhan’s cells	Dendritic Cells
Melanocytes are located in this specific layer of the epidermis	Stratum Basale
What 3 factors contribute to skin color?	Number of melanocytes How close melanocytes are to the outer layer of the skin Amount of carotene and keratin in the epidermis
What is the name of the enzyme that is needed to make melanin	Tyrosinase
What causes uneven skin tones?	How active the melanocytes are
Explain how melanocytes protect the body against the sun.	They become activated by the sun’s rays to produce melanin that blocks the rays of the sun
This molecule plays a role in vitamin A creation and can discolor the skin when eaten in large quantities	Carotene
What is the difference between keratin and carotene?	Carotene provides pigment Keratin provides structure
A skin disorder that causes white patches due to lack of melanin productions	vitiligo
A genetically inherited disorder where no melanin or very little melanin is produced	albinism
What is the job of basement membrane?	separate and connect different tissue types and protect them from mechanical stress.
What vitamin is necessary for the production of collagen?	Vitamin C
What happens when collagen proteins begin to break down?	Wrinkles form
Space between epidermis and dermis	Dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ)
This is layer of the cutaneous membrane contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands	Dermis
Loose connective tissues, Responsible for fingerprints	Dermal papillae
These are the 2 layers that make up the dermis	Papillary and Reticular
Where is the dermis located?	Inferior to the epidermis
This layer is the most deep layer of the dermis	Reticular Layer
This layer is closest to the epidermis	Papillary Layer
What happens at the DEJ?	Separates epidermis and dermis
The inner layer of the skin formed of connective tissue	Dermis
Epidermal layer of flat, dead, keratinized cells	Stratum Corneum
Located inferior to the dermis	Hypodermis
Has numerous collagen fibers that give strength to the skin	Reticular Layer of the Dermis
Epidermal layer that producing cells that form hair	Stratum Basale
Skin layer that contains numerous sensory receptors	Dermis
Skin layer that contains nerves and blood vessels	Dermis
Location of the dermal papillae	Papillary Layer of the Dermis
Nerves that act as touch receptors are called	Mechanoreceptors
Another name for touch receptors are	Tactile Receptors
This term describes nerves that sense pain	nociceptors
When many of these receptors are stimulated at the same time, the person feels a burning sensation	Nociceptors
Thermoreceptors sense …	Temperature
This molecule gives hair its color	Melanin
Why does hair get gray?	The action of the melanocytes begin to reduce production.
Two types of hair are	Vellus and terminal
This hair type is found on the scalp and in the axillary, pubic, an leg regions	Terminal hair
This type of hair is fine and is soft and smooth	Vellus hair
Hair does what to the body	Senses surroundings, protects the skin, and helps to retain heat
A group of nerves that are wrapped around the hair	Root hair plexus
This muscle is responsible for goosebumps	Arrector pili
This muscle generates heat and causes hair to stand on end	Arrector pili
The loss of patches of hair( permanent or temporary) is called	alopecia
Of what are nails made?	Keratin and collagen
This is part of the epidermis on which the nail rests	Nail bed
This is found at the root and where the nail grows	Nail matrix
What is the function of the nail	To protect the tips of your toes and fingers
What is the name if the secretion made by sebaceous glands	sebum
Modified sweat gland that are responsible for producing ear wax	Ceruminous glands
These are specialized sweat glands that are found in axillary and pubic regions	Apocrine sweat glands
These sweat glands open from pores directly on the surface of the epidermis	Eccrine sweat glands
Where is the subcutaneous layer located?	Inferior to the dermis
What is one cause of acne?	Clogged pores: infection of the hair follicle
This layer of the integumentary system is primarily composed of adipose tissue	Hypodermis(subcutaneous tissue)
This is the function of the subcutaneous tissue (4 functions)	Fat storage, fasten skin to underlying surface, protection from impact, insulation
Burn where the epidermis is affected: slight to severe color change	First degree burn
Epidermis and part of the dermis is burned causing blistering	Second degree burn
Full thickness burn:Burn through both epidermis and dermis: pain receptors are destroyed.	This Pain receptors are mechanical (pressure, pinch), heat, and chemical
Burn where deep tissue are involved( muscle and bone)	Fourth degree burn
Wound Healing	Formation of a clot Fibroblasts create fibers to mend wound (scab) Macrophages eliminate pathogens Stratum basale remodels the epidermal layer
collection of collagen and other protein fibers due to skin repair	Scar

Which letter (on the cranium) indicates the mastoid process?
What is this structure (big hole in the skull)? What enters and exits the cranial cavity through this structure?	Foramen magnum; the spinal cord and blood vessels
Which is the immovable joint that connects the parietal bones with occipital bone?	Lambdoid Suture
What is the tissue that makes the intervertebral discs?	fibrocartilage
Which two bones articulate with the scapula?	The humerus and clavicle
What is the function of structure called “processes”	A place of muscle attachment on bones
What is this bone called? (hyoid) What is the reason a person might have this bone broken?	Direct trauma to the bone
What Bone makes up the Cheeks?	Zygomatic bone/arch
What makes up the tip of the nose?	Cartilage
Which is the atlas?	The first vertebra in the spinal column
What is the name of the back bone?	Spinal Column/ Vertebral Column
What process serves as an anchor point for the tongue?	Styloid process
What is the immovable joint that connects the frontal bone and the parietal bone?	Coronal Suture
Which bone allows you to move your head from left to right?	Axis
Which letter denotes the “spinous process” of the vertebrae?
What is the tissue that makes the intervertebral discs?	cartilage
Which bone allows you to move your head from left to right?	Axis
Which letter denotes the “spinous process” of the vertebrae?
What letter denotes the “body” of the vertebrae?
Which letter denotes the lumbar curvature?
What is this bone? (scapula) What is another name for this bone?	Shoulder Blade
What is this bone? (Collar bone) What is another name for this bone?	Clavicle
What letter denotes the “body” of the vertebrae?
Which letter shows the styloid process of the radius? (Upper Extremity)	The pointy portion at the end of the radius
Which is the axis?	The bone that holds the atlas and forms the pivot joint which allows the head to rotate
What is the name of this structure (head of radius)? With what bone does it articulate?	Radial head Articulates with the ulna
Which is the atlas?	The first vertebra at the top that cradles the skull
Which two vertebral regions are located inferior to the lumbar region?	Sacrum and Coccyx
Which letter indicates the “vertebral lamina”?
What is this bone? (radius) What is the common name for this structure?	Radial tuberosity/radial bone
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?	Supports body Produces blood cells Protects internal organs Stores mineral and fat Movement of body
A connective tissue that connects bone to bone	ligaments
A connective tissue that connects muscle to bones	tendons
This skeletal structure protects the lungs and the heart	Thoracic cage
How do bones act as levers?	They provide the foundation for body movements
What system controls mineral storage in the bones?	Endocrine System
Endocrine organs involved with secreting hormones for calcium balance in the body	Thyroid and parathyroid
In the bone: the Ca++ concentration increases	Calcitonin
In the bone: the Ca++ concentration decreases	Parathyroid hormone
Bone that is airy looking and consists of trabeculae	Cancellous bone
Spongy structure in the cancellous bone	trabeculae
The ends of the long bone	epiphysis
The shaft of the long bone	diaphysis
This membrane is made of epithelial cells and is lines the medullary cavity	endosteum
Tough fibrous connective tissue membrane that tightly sticks to the surface of the bone	periosteum
Staple periosteum to the bone	Sharpey’s fibers
Another name for Sharpey’s fibers	Perforating fibers
Hollow chamber in the diaphysis where the yellow marrow is stored	Medullary cavity
Another word for spongy bone	Cancellous Bone
Yellow marrow primarily consists of this substance	Fats
Red marrow primarily consists of this substance	Blood stem cells
This determines your longitudinal growth and lies between the epiphysis and diaphysis	Epiphyseal plate
Caused by loss of calcium in the bone (usually seen in older adults)	osteoporosis
What happens to the epiphyseal plate when longitudinal growth is complete?	It becomes calcified and is called the epiphyseal line
The bone’s functional unit	osteon
This bone cell breaks bone down and releases calcium ions into the blood	osteoclasts
This bone cell is a stem cell that will turn into bone	osteogenic
This bone cell builds the bone matrix	osteoblasts
This bone cell maintains the health of bone tissue	Osteocytes
Where in the osteon are nerves, veins, arteries, and other vessels found?	Central Canal
Bone destroying cells	Osteoclast
Delivers nutrients to the osteocytes and remove the waste	canaliculi
Spaces in the osteon where bone cells (osteocytes) reside	lacunae
Allows blood vessels and nerves to pass through it to supply the osteocytes	Central canal
Another word for “Central canal”	Haversian canal
A thin layers of bone tissue	lamellae
The pre-birth human skeleton consists of	Hyaline cartilage
As the new human ages, what tissue replaces the pre-birth tissue skeleton?	bone

Two types of cartilage cells	Chondrocytes and Chondroblast
Connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage mass	Perichondrium
What are the three types of cartilage?	Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
The most flexible cartilage is …	Elastic
The least flexible cartilage is..	Fibrocartilage
This type of cartilage makes up the fetal skeleton and is found at the end of long bones	Hyaline
This type of cartilage is found in creating structure for the outer ear	Elastic
This type of cartilage makes up the intervertebral discs	Fibrous cartilage
The process of making bone	ossification
Making bone from cartilage is called	Endochondral ossification
This is the type of growth that causes bones to lengthen	Interstitial bone growth
This type of bone growth causes bones to widen	Appositional growth
This hormone is responsible for the lengthening of bones	Growth Hormone
This hormone is produced in the anterior pituitary gland and plays an active role in endochondral bone growth	Growth Hormone
Hypersecretion of growth hormone may result in this disorder	Gigantism
Hyposecretion of growth hormone may result in this disorder	Dwarfism
Continued bone growth after ossification of the epiphyseal plates may result in	Acromegaly
Soft, blood-forming tissue that fills the cavities of bones is called	Bone marrow
Mostly fat found in the medullary canal	Yellow bone marrow
Bone tissue that gives rise to blood cells is called	Bone marrow /myeloid tissue
Another term for red bone marrow is	Myeloid tissue
Red bone marrow is found in these places of the body	Medullary cavity
A point of contact between bones is called a(n)	Joints or articulation
Another name for articulation is…	joint
Freely moveable joints that contain an enclosed space with lubricating fluid	Synovial joints
This membrane makes the synovial fluid	Synovial membrane
What is synovial fluid?	Thick liquid that fills the spaces of synovial joints
Fluid filled space located between tissue and bones	bursa
	Joint capsule
This cartilage acts as a shock absorber	fibrocartilage
Steps to heal bone damage	The formation of a hematoma Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus The replacement of the fibrocartilaginous callus by a bony callus Remodeling of and addition of compact bone at the site of injury
What is the difference between a closed fracture and an open fracture	An open fracture is when the bone pierces through the skin. A closed fracture is when its not pierced through
This fracture is one that causes the skin to open thus exposing the bone to the external environment	Open Fracture

3 functions of the nervous system	Detects stimuli, evaluates that information, initiates changes as a result of stimuli.
The central nervous system consists of	The brain and spinal cord and supporting glial cells
This is another name for “nerve cell”	Neurons
These cells provide support to neurons	Glial Cells
These supporting cells are star shaped	Astrocytes
Another name for astroglial cells	Astrocytes
These supporting cells nourish neurons and are involved in making the blood-brain barrier	Astroglial cells
These supporting cells are phagocytic cells and direct the immune response in the central nervous system	microglia cells
These cells provide an insulation layer for the neurons	Oligodendrocytes
These supporting cells primary job is to defend the brain and spinal cord from invaders	Microglia
This is the term that is used to identify the insulation made by oligodendrocytes	Myelin
This supporting cell lines the ventricles of the brain	Ependymal cells
These supporting cells play an important role in securing the blood brain barrier	Ependymal cells
This part of the neuron typically receives information from another cell	Dendrites
This part of the neuron typically carries information to the cell body	Dendrite
This part of the neuron processes information	Cell body
This part of the neuron typically sends responses away from the cell body	Axons
This portion of the neuron contains secretory vesicles	axon terminal
These are organelles that contain chemicals to be released from the neuron	Secretory vesicles
Chemical messengers used to communicate messages from neuron to neuron or from neuron to receptor organs	Neurotransmitters
The two basic types of neurotransmitters found in the central nervous system	Excitatory and inhibitory
The abbreviation for “central nervous system”	CNS
The CNS is surrounded by protective membranes called	meninges
What are the three major membranes of the CNS?	The pia mater, the dura mater, and arachnoid mater
The meninx (singular for meninges) that is closest to the skull is	Dura mater
The meninx (singular for meninges) that is closest to the brain is	Pia mater
The meninx (singular for meninges) that is located between two layers is the	Arachnoid mater
This is the space where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates	Subarachnoid space
What is the purpose of the cerebrospinal fluid	Provides nutrients, removes waste, and protects the brain and spinal cord
Where is the cerebrospinal fluid made?	Ventricles
What structure makes the cerebrospinal fluid?	the choroid plexus
Which glial cell is involved in the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid?	The ependymal cells
This barrier prevents pathogens and other invaders from entering the central nervous system	The Blood-Brain Barrier
The blood brain barrier is lined with which type of glial cell	Astrocytes
What type of cellular junctions are found in the endothelial cells that comprise the blood brain barrier?	Tight junctions
Of what is grey matter made?	Neuronal cell bodies
Of what is white matter made?	nerve fibers
The fibrous meninx attached to cranial bones	Dura Mater
This structure separates the cerebral hemisphere	Longitudinal fissure
Cerebrospinal fluid is created in the choroid plexus. Enters the brain ventricles. From the ventricles it enters the subarachnoid space. Some CSF flows upward bathing the brain. Some CSF flows downward bathing the spinal cord. Used CSF drains into the sagittal sinus and diffuses into the bloodstream.	The flow of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) in the central nervous system
This structure controls the heart and breathing rate	medulla oblongata
This structure functions in will, problem-solving, and intelligence	Frontal lobe
Controls body temperature and water balance through hormones	Hypothalamus
Controls and coordinates muscular coordination	Cerebellum
Composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla	The brainstem
Fluid within the subarachnoid space	Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Ridges or Elevation located in the cerebrum	Gyrus (plural - gyri)
The depressions or grooves found in the cerebrum	Sulcus (plural - sulci)
The name for Major Sulcus	Longitudinal fissure
Where in the brain is white matter located?	In the deeper tissues of the brain
Where in the brain is grey matter located?	Outermost layer
Where in the spinal cord is the white matter located?	Surrounding the outer portion of the spinal cord
Where in the spinal cord is the grey matter located?	In the middle of the spinal cord
This is the second largest portion of the brain	cerebellum
This portion of the brain is composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata	Brain stem
The fluid within the subarachnoid space is called the	Cerebrospinal fluid or CSF
The organ secretes the hormone melatonin	Pineal gland
This part of the brain generates impulses to keep the cerebrum alert	Spinal cord
This is the inferior-most part of the brainstem	Medulla oblongata
This is the largest portion of the brain	The Cerebrum
This is the fissure that separates the cerebral hemispheres	Longitudinal fissure
This structure controls heart and breathing rates	Medulla Oblongata
Body temperature is controlled by this structure	Hypothalamus
This structure consists of fibers connecting cerebral hemispheres	Corpus Callosum
This structure enables cerebrospinal fluid to diffuse into the blood at the sagittal sinus	arachnoid villi
Responsible for production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles of the brain	choroid plexus
This portion of the brainstem acts as a relay system for sensory information	midbrain
This portion of the brainstem takes care of unconscious jobs	pons
This portion of the brainstem connects the cerebellum to other parts of the brain	pons
This portion of the brainstem joins the spinal cord to the rest of the brainstem	medulla oblongata
This structure connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and transfers information to either hemisphere	Corpus callosum
The brain consists of these four parts	Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
Where in the brain are the hypothalamus and thalamus located?	Above the brainstem
What are the four lobes of the cerebrum	Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
4 functions of the frontal lobe in the cerebrum	● higher intellect ● personality ● mood ● social conduct and language
3 functions of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum	Language, Calculation, Manipulation of visual information
2 functions of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum	● memory and language ● includes hearing
The occipital lobe is responsible for	Vision
This structure is responsible for emotional processing	The amygdala
Damage to this structure might lead to loss of coordination and tremors	Cerebellum
This structure is responsible for maintaining balance and posture	cerebellum
Hippocampus is responsible for	Stores long term memory, spatial processing and navigation, regulation of emotion and stress
A set of structures in the brain that deal with emotions and memory	Limbic system
The hypophysis is also known by this name	Pituitary gland
The two regions of the pituitary gland are the	Anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary
Another name for anterior pituitary gland	adenohypophysis
Another name for the posterior pituitary gland is	posterior hypophysis
Produces and releases hormones that help carry out bodily functions	the pituitary gland
Which structure regulates the pituitary gland?	The hypothalamus
Three endocrine structures that are found in the brain are	The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland
What is the function of endocrine glands?	Uses hormones to control and coordinate bodily functions
Where is the spinal cavity?	The Dorsal Cavity
What is found in the spinal cavity?	vertebral foramina, meninges present, csf present, adipose tissue, blood vessels, spinal cord
The spinal cords’ motor neurons receive information from the brain by way of the	Sensory neurons
A bundle of myelinated axons that are responsible for conducting impulses	A nerve tract
Sends sensory information to the brain	The spinal cord
Are ascending spinal cord tracts afferent or different?	Afferent
Spinal cord tracts that send impulse information to the peripheral nervous system	Efferent
Are descending spinal cord tracts afferent or efferent?	Efferent
What is the function of the spinal cord	send motor commands from the brain to the body, send sensory information from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes
The sensory neurons travel to the brain through this spinal cord pathway	Ascending Pathway

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