test 1

Erikson’s & Piaget’s Developmental Stages – Study Guide

Conception to Birth

Environmental Risks: Pollution, water contamination, chemical exposure, and climate stress can lead to birth defects or preterm birth.

Nutrition: Balanced diet with prenatal vitamins (iron, folate, zinc, iodine).
Education & Safety: Prenatal care, genetic tests, good hygiene, and avoiding harmful foods.
Key Questions: Last menstrual period? Baby movements? Taking vitamins? Smoking or drinking?

Infancy (0–12 months)

Virtue: Hope
Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust
Relationship: Primary caregiver

Milestones: Rolls, sits, crawls, walks; stranger anxiety; says first words.
Immunizations: HepB, DTaP, Hib, IPV, PCV13, RV, Flu.
Education: Safe sleep, proper formula prep, tummy time, vaccinations.

Early Childhood (1–3 years)

Virtue: Will
Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
Relationship: Parents

Milestones: Walks independently, climbs stairs, potty training, uses 2-word phrases.
Safety: Choking, falls, poisoning. Encourage independence with guidance.

Preschool (3–5 years)

Virtue: Purpose
Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt
Relationship: Family

Milestones: Dresses self, speaks in sentences, plays cooperatively, rides tricycle.
Safety: Teach stranger danger, road safety, and supervise near water.

School Age (5–12 years)

Virtue: Competence
Crisis: Industry vs. Inferiority
Relationship: Peers and teachers

Milestones: Logical thinking, coordination, empathy, strong friendships.
Education: Teach about puberty, internet safety, and positive reinforcement.

Adolescence (12–18 years)

Virtue: Fidelity
Crisis: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Relationship: Peer group

Milestones: Developing identity, exploring values, forming relationships.
Risks: Peer pressure, eating disorders, substance use.
Vaccines: HPV, Meningococcal, Tdap boosters, Flu.

Early Adulthood (19–29 years)

Virtue: Love
Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Relationship: Partner

Concerns: Mental health, stress, obesity, STIs, substance use.
Vaccines: Tdap, HepB, Flu, COVID-19.

Middle Adulthood (40–64 years)

Virtue: Care
Crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Relationship: Family and community

Milestones: Career stability, parenting, community involvement, aging changes.
Education: Screenings (BP, cholesterol, cancer), moderate alcohol, maintain purpose.

Late Adulthood (65–85+ years)

Virtue: Wisdom
Crisis: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Relationship: Family, friends, caregivers

Focus: Life reflection, coping with loss, maintaining independence.
Risks: Falls, depression, medication safety.
Vaccines: Flu, Pneumococcal, Shingles, Td/Tdap, COVID-19.

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages

1. Sensorimotor (0–2 years): Learns through senses and movement; develops object permanence.
2. Preoperational (2–7 years): Symbolic thinking, egocentrism, animism, no conservation or reversibility.
3. Concrete Operational (7–11 years): Logical thought about concrete events, classification skills, cause and effect.
4. Formal Operational (11+ years): Abstract and hypothetical reasoning, moral and ethical understanding.