Untitled Flashcards Set

Vocabulary:

Renaissance- a period of European history, lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world

Humanism-  a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Secular- concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Patron- a person who supports artists, especially financially

Perspective- a painting technique that was a way of showing 3 dimensions on a flat surface

Michelangelo- an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, and architect whose most famous paintings are the frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Leonardo da Vinci- an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist whose masterpieces include the Mona Lisa

Utopia- an imaginary land described by Thomas More in his book Utopia- hence, an ideal place

William Shakespeare- the most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age, many people call him the greatest playwriter of all time

Johann Gutenberg- a craftsman who developed a printing press that incorporated several technologies in a new way

Concepts:

1. What was the attitude of Church leaders and the wealthy towards the arts? Why?

The Church leaders and the wealthy supported the arts and gave money towards them because they were able to show their own importance if they got a portrait pained of them.

2. How is the humanism of the Renaissance reflected in its art? Explain with examples

Renaissance art, fueled by humanism, emphasized human potential and individual achievement, shifting from purely religious themes to include portraits, classical subjects, and realistic depictions of the human form

3. How is Machiavelli's political advice different from the traditional view?

Machiavelli's political advice differed from traditional views by prioritizing pragmatism and realism over moralistic ideals, arguing that rulers must be effective, even if it means acting against morality, to maintain power and ensure stability.

The Renaissance- Rebirth

• Rebirth of what?

  • Revival of classical learning of the Greeks and Romans

  • Areas like literature, art, education, and architecture

  • Not only the rebirth of old but also an interest in new ideas

  • Led to the age of exploration

• The Renaissance began in what European country

  • Italy

  • The Renaissance (1350-1600)

  • Some of the most important cities during the Renaissance were Florence, Rome, Venice, Genoa, and Milan

  • Many of the early Renaissance thinkers believed in the idea of Humanism

• Humanism:

  • People seem as the center of the world. Everything is explained using a humanist approach

• The people of the Renaissance studied:

  • Grammer

  • History

  • Poetry using classical texts

  • Rhetoric

  • This period created people with a critical spirit and an enthusiasm for life

  • And was encouraged by wealthy families like the Medici family of Florence

• Italian Renaissance Writers:

  • Francesco Petrarch

    • Considered the father of humanism

  • Giovanni Boccaccio

    • Wrote the book called the "Decameron"

    • Was about a group of people outside of Florence hiding from the Black Plague

    • Told stories about their experiences

  • Dante Alighieri

    • Wrote the "Divine Comedy"

    • He visited 3 places (heaven, hell, and purgatory)

    • Meets people along his journey

    • Written in Italian and not latin

    • Wrote for common people not the smart ones

  • Niccolo Machiavelli

    • Wrote "Prince"

    • Advised rulers to maintain the safety of their states by whatever means they thought necessary

    • Lying, cheating, killing would all be acceptable

• The Renaissance the traveled north

  • How were the ideas transmitted?

    • Through students who studied in Italy and went back to their countries

• Northern Renaissance writers

  • Wrote about things like the church, society, love, and human relationships

  • Desiderius Erasmus

    • Wrote the book "In praise of Folly"

    • He criticized the church for its hypocrisy

    • The church was a very powerful enemy

  • Thomas More

    • Wrote a book "Utopia"

    • What is a utopia?

      • Ideal Society

    • How do we achieve an ideal society?

      • Laws enforced by citizens themselves

      • Freedom of Religion

  • William Shakespeare

    • Wrote plays like Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth

    • Why has Shakespeare remained so popular?

      • Dealt with feelings that have not changed

• Renaissance Art

  • Realistic and life-like

  • Perspective- illusion of depth

  • Giotto was the first great Renaissance painter

  • Appreciation of beauty and the human form was apparent

  • Leonardo DaVinci

    • Scientist

    • Inventor

    • He painted the Mona Lisa

    • Last Supper

    • He was a great Renaissance man

  • Michelangelo

    • Was a great painter and sculptor

    • Known for his work on the Sistine Chapel

  • Donatello

    • Known for his sculpture of King David

  • Raphael

    • Known for his painted "School of Athens"

    • Shows Socrates in discussion with his students

The Age of Discovery

• One of the most important inventions during the Renaissance was the printing press

  • who is associated with the first printing press?

    • Gutenberg and why was it important to learning and education

• Renaissance science- experimentation, observation and use of math to solve problems

  • Da Vinci- anatomy

  • Astronomy- Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo

  • Heliocentric- having the sun as the center of the solar system; not geocentric

• European Exploration- The Renaissance led to a period of Renaissance exploration.

  • Why? The period led to improvements in navigation and sailing. The Renaissance led people to become curious about their surroundings

• The first major explorer of the Renaissance period was an Italian who visited China and lived there for 17 year,s and came back to Europe and wrote about his travels

  • Who was he? Marco Polo- interest in China- Asia grew

  • They had to find the fastest and cheapest (tolls) way to get there

    • All water routes

• Prince Henry (Portugal) the Navigator

  • He started one of the first schools of navigation

  • Portugal was the first country to start a systematic exploration of the world.

  • One of the areas that European countries became interested in was Africa (it was used as an all water route to Asia, gold, ivory, and slaves).

• In 1487, Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope- the crew mutinied- so they never completed the journey. Ten years later in 1497 Vasco Da Gama made the complete trip to India for Portugal

• Christopher Columbus thought that he could reach Asia going the opposite direction (he thought he could circumnavigate the world). In order to explore he needed money

• Queen Isabella and he husband King Ferdinand financed his expedition. There were 3 ships- Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria along with 90 sailors.

  • In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

  • In his first journey he discovered the "New world" but he didn't realize it

  • He had 3 more expeditions 1493, 1498, 1502 and never realized he had discovered a new world

  • When he landed he called the inhabitants INDIANS because he thought he was in India.

  • 500 years later people still call them INDIANS- should be called Native Americans.

  • Columbus after his fourth journey was arrested by the Spanish authorities for atrocities done to the Natives

• America was named after Americo Vespucci- explorer and he studied and explored the area that Columbus had explored earlier.

  • Vespucci (scout) realized that the land was in fact a new discovery (1503).

  • Martin Waldseemuller mapped out the area and decided to name the area after Vespucci- America.

• A search begins for a passage through the New World. In 1513.

  • Who finds Isthmus of Panama- cross in between North and South America

    • Balboa representing Spain

  • Once Balboa crosses through the Americas what does he discover

    • The Pacific Ocean

• In 1519 who sailed across the Pacific Ocean ad discovers the Philippine Islands?

  • Ferdinand Magellan. He was killed in a battle with the inhabitants there. In fact of the 237 men that started the journey- only 18 returned.

• European countries began to set up colonies in other areas of the world like North America, Africa and India

• The British developed the strongest navy in the world. Spain had the most powerful navy before England.

  • Philip II of Spain was married to Mary Tudor. Both veery Catholic.

  • Elizabeth had pirates attack Spanish ships, steal the cargo (gold) and being it to England. One of the Pirates was Francis Drake. Philip insists that Elizabeth have Francis Drake arrested and charged with piracy. Elizabeth not only did not have Drake arrested but she knighted him. He orders his Spanish fleet (Spanish Armada) to attack England.

    • Sir Francis Drake leads the English fleet to victory against Spain. With the defeat of the Spanish Armada, the British now became the most powerful naval fleet in the world. It also started the decline in power of Spain 1588

• With the decline of Spain, which country becomes the major rival of Britain?

  • France

• Lack of precious metals led to the use of currency

  • IOU- paper money

• Mercantilism- the wealth of a nation consisted of the supply of money and precious metals in the hands of the government or its people. Therefore, what every country wanted was to sell more than they bought

  • Made colonies become important Why?

    • Raw materials and they were a market for manufactured goods