kingdom protista

Kingdom Protista
The Protozoa Group
PHYLUM, MASTIGOPHERA – GENUS, TRYPANOSOMA -- NOTICE THE RED BLOOD CELLS
A. Phylum Mastigophora – members move by use of flagella
Genus: Trypanosoma – Is a parasite that lives in the blood of vertebrates and causes sleeping sickness or
Chagas. These diseases are transmitted by a blood sucking insect called the Tsetse fly which is only found in
parts of Africa, or the Kissing bug found in the US & Mexico. If I ask you where they are found the answer is in
the blood of vertebrates (NOT Africa)
PHYLUM, MASTIGOPHERA – GENUS, TRYPANOSOMA

PHYLUM, MASTIGOPHERA – GENUS, TRYPANOSOMA -- NOTICE THE RED BLOOD CELLS

A. Phylum Ciliophora -- members move by use of cilia. This phylum is the best developed
of the protozoa. Some members of this phylum have many specialized organelles.
PHYLUM; CILIOPHORA, GENUS PARAMECIUM --- NOTIDE THE 2 NUICLEUSES, AND THE
CONTRACTILE VACUOLES
Genus: Paramecium: They have trichocysts for food capture and self defense, These structures are located near
the outer covering and near the cilia. Two nuclei are found in many Cilophorains, including Paramecium.
• The Macronucleus is in control of the cell’s activity, things like movement, feeding, respiration etc.
• The Micronucleus functions in sex.
PHYLUM; CILIOPHORA, GENUS PARAMECIUM --- NOTIDE THE 2 NUICLEUSES

PHYLUM; CILIOPHORA, GENUS PARAMECIUM --- NOTIDE THE 2 NUICLEUSES .

PHYLUM; CILIOPHORA, GENUS PARAMECIUM --- NOTIDE THE 2 NUICLEUSES, AND THE
CONTRACTILE VACUOLE
PHYLUM; CILIOPHORA, GENUS PARAMECIUM --- NOTIDE THE 2 NUICLEUSES,

PHYLUM; CILIOPHORA, GENUS PARAMECIUM --- NOTIDE THE 2 NUICLEUSES in top
organism,, AND THE CONTRACTILE VACUOLES in the top two organisms

PHYLUM; CILIOPHORA, Genus Vorticella --- see stalk
Genus: Vorticella: Has a stalk that is attached to submerged things like rocks, docks or plants so Vorticella
doesn’t really swim or use their cilia for movement. Instead, the cilia found only around the cup shaped top
called the Vestabule these help create a current into the cup as the Vorticella bounces up and down on their
stalk to feed. Unlike many members of Ciliophora, Vorticella does not really “move” other than the bouncing.
PHYLUM; CILIOPHORA, Genus Vorticella --- see stalk

PHYLUM; CILIOPHORA, Genus Vorticella --- see stalk
PHYLUM; CILIOPHORA, Genus Vorticella --- see stalk

PHYLUM; SARCODINA, GENUS AMOEBA --- NOTICE THE PSEUDOPODIA, THE CONTRACTILE
VACULE, FOOD VACUOLES AND THE NUICLEUS
A. Phylum Sarcodina -- members move and capture food by using pseudopodia (false feet). Pseudopodia are
created by cytoplasmic streaming and sol/gell reversibility. The cell membrane of many members is very
flexible and changes shape constantly. It can be kept ridged by the organism that causes the cytoplasm to be gel
like near the cell’s edge, and is called ectoplasm. The ectoplasm can be converted in to a more liquid form
called “sol” (meaning solution) which freely flows where there is no resistance. So movement in these “sacks of
cytoplasm” is accomplished by a sol-gel reversibility.
B. Genus: Amoeba: found in freshwater. The nucleus, pseudopodia, food vacuoles and contractile vacuoles are
usually easily found.

PHYLUM; SARCODINA, GENUS AMOEBA --- NOTICE THE PSEUDOPODIA, one on the bottom
left. . . notice the food vacuoles -- VOLVOX IS ON THE RIGHT

PHYLUM; SARCODINA, GENUS AMOEBA --- AND 2 PARAMECIUM
PHYLUM; SARCODINA, GENUS AMOEBA --- NOTICE THE PSEUDOPODIA, THE CONTRACTILE
VACULE, AND THE NUICLEUS

There are also two Families within the Phylum Sarcodina found in marine environments. Both these Families posses a
shell, the shell is important in the fossil record. In general, soft structures do not fossilize well. So, organisms that are
only “soft parts” are not usually part of the fossil records. The shells found in these two families are hard structures and
the fossil records they help create help demonstrate how diverse and how productive the oceans were at any given time
in history. The shell may or may not be protective depending on what type of organism is feeding on them. They are
after all only a single cell. Many organisms this size don’t experience pain the way more advanced organisms might.

PHYLUM; SARCODINA, FAMILY; RADIOLERA --- SHELL MADE OUT OF SILICA (glass)
Family: Radiolaria – Shell is made of silica (glass). There are usually glass spines which may be protective. There are
usually many holes from where pseudopodia can extend. Like in the Froaminifera the pseudopodia are used for
capturing food, for motility, and they can increase the organism’s surface area when extended --- this helps increase
buoyancy and allows them to rise in the water column without exerting effort. When the pseudopodia are withdrawn
into the shell the buoyancy is lost and they sink.... again without any effort. Radiolarin shells often have spines which are
not found in the Foraminifera.
PHYLUM; SARCODINA, FAMILY; RADIOLERA --- SHELL MADE OUT OF SILICA (glass)

PHYLUM; SARCODINA, FAMILY; FORAMINIFERA --- SHELL MADE OUT OF CALCIUM
CARBONATE (chalk)
Family: Foraminifera – Shell is made of calcium carbonate (chalk). Calcium carbonate is what makes-up the shells of
mollusks. It is much softer than silica, so Foraminiferas do not have spines on their shells. These shells also have much
small openings for the pseudopodia to extend out of the shells. These pseudopodia are used for capturing food, for
motility, and they can increase surface area and buoyancy when extended --- this helps both the Foraminifera and the
Radiolaria float upward and gives them access to phytoplankton that moves toward the surface to conduct
photosynthesis in the day.
PHYLUM; SARCODINA, FAMILY; FORAMINIFERA --- SHELL MADE OUT OF CALCIUM
CARBONATE (chalk) this one is alive...

TAXONOMY to know
Kingdom: Protista
• Group: Protozoa
o Phylum Mastigophora (have flagella for movement)
▪ Genus Trypanosoma
Kingdom: Protista
• Group Protozoa
o Phylum Ciliophora (have cilia for movement)
▪ Genus: Paramecium
▪ Genus: Vorticella (here cilia is for feeding)
Kingdom: Protista
• Group: Protozoa
o Phylum: Sarcodina (have pseudopodia for movement – and food capture)
▪ Genus: Amoeba
Kingdom: Protista
• Group: Protozoa
o Phylum: Sarcodina (have pseudopodia for movement – and food capture)
▪ Family Radiolera
▪ Family Foraminifera