🧠 PTSD Etiologies — Flashcards (Term → Definition Style)

Gilbertson et al. (2002)

Twin study showing that both the PTSD-exposed and non-exposed twin had smaller hippocampi. Suggests that reduced hippocampal volume is a pre-existing biological vulnerability, not just trauma-induced brain damage. Supports the biological explanation.

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Shin & Liberzon (2009)

Used fMRI to show that PTSD patients have hyperactive amygdala responses to trauma-related stimuli. Indicates that the fear-processing system in the brain is biologically more reactive in PTSD sufferers. Supports the neurofunctional basis of PTSD.

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Foa et al. (1995)

Showed that individuals with PTSD often hold maladaptive beliefs such as self-blame or the belief that the world is entirely dangerous. These cognitive distortions maintain symptoms after trauma. Strong support for the cognitive explanation of PTSD.

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Beck’s Cognitive Triad

Model proposing that negative thoughts about the self, world, and future form a cognitive pattern common in mental disorders like PTSD. Reinforces the idea that schemas and belief systems play a role in the persistence of PTSD symptoms.

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Elzinga et al. (2003)

Found that trauma-exposed women with PTSD showed elevated cortisol responses when reminded of their trauma. Indicates a heightened biological stress response, even without new trauma. Supports the hormonal aspect of biological etiology.

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Sapolsky et al. (1990)

Monkey study showing that chronic exposure to cortisol leads to hippocampal damage. Suggests that long-term stress can physically alter brain structures involved in memory and emotional regulation, contributing to PTSD. Supports biological explanation via stress impact.

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Perilla et al. (2002)

Studied Hispanic women post-trauma. Found that cultural expectations around emotional expression shaped their experience of PTSD. Suggests that cultural schemas affect how trauma is interpreted and responded to. Supports the sociocultural explanation.

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Kessler et al.

Epidemiological study showing that women are twice as likely to develop PTSD compared to men. Highlights the influence of gender, trauma type, and reporting behavior. Supports sociocultural factors in prevalence and vulnerability.

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Milner (HM)

Famous case study where removal of the hippocampus led to severe anterograde amnesia. Demonstrates the critical role of the hippocampus in memory, indirectly supporting biological theories of PTSD involving memory processing dysfunction.

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