Endocrine (youtube info)
Perfect 👍 — here’s your Endocrine System YouTube transcript (Amoeba Sisters) rewritten exactly into clear, ready-to-use flashcards — question on one side (front), answer on the other (back).
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Flashcards: Endocrine System
Q: What is the endocrine system?
A: A system made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions.
Q: What are hormones?
A: Chemical messengers that regulate body processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
Q: What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
A:
Endocrine: Secrete hormones directly into the blood (no ducts).
Exocrine: Use ducts to secrete substances to a surface (e.g., sweat, milk).
Q: Can a gland have both endocrine and exocrine functions?
A: Yes. Example: The pancreas (endocrine = insulin, glucagon; exocrine = digestive enzymes).
Q: Name the major endocrine glands.
A: Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes.
Q: What does the hypothalamus do in the endocrine system?
A: Regulates the pituitary gland and produces hormones that control its activity.
Q: What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
A: Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary.
Q: What hormones does the posterior pituitary release?
A:
Oxytocin: Causes uterine contractions and milk ejection.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Increases water reabsorption in kidneys.
Q: What hormones are made by the anterior pituitary?
A:
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Q: What is the function of Growth Hormone (GH)?
A: Promotes growth and protein synthesis.
Q: What is the function of Prolactin (PRL)?
A: Stimulates milk production in mammary glands.
Q: What does TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) do?
A: Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones.
Q: What is the function of FSH and LH?
A: Stimulate gonads to produce gametes and sex hormones.
Q: What is the function of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)?
A: Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones.
Q: What hormone does the pineal gland release?
A: Melatonin — helps regulate sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm).
Q: What hormones are made by the thyroid gland?
A: T4 (thyroxine), T3 (triiodothyronine), and calcitonin.
Q: What do T3 and T4 do?
A: Regulate metabolism, growth, and development.
Q: What does calcitonin do?
A: Lowers blood calcium levels.
Q: What hormone does the parathyroid gland release?
A: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) — raises blood calcium levels.
Q: What is the function of the thymus gland?
A: Produces hormones (like thymosin) that stimulate T-cell development for immune function.
Q: Where are the adrenal glands located?
A: On top of each kidney.
Q: What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
A: Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.
Q: What hormones does the adrenal medulla release?
A: Epinephrine and norepinephrine — responsible for fight-or-flight response.
Q: What hormones does the adrenal cortex release?
A:
Cortisol (a glucocorticoid): Raises blood glucose and helps with stress/inflammation.
Aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid): Reabsorbs sodium, excretes potassium, helps regulate BP.
Q: What hormones does the pancreas release?
A:
Insulin: Lowers blood sugar by allowing glucose into cells.
Glucagon: Raises blood sugar by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver.
Q: What hormones do the ovaries release?
A: Estrogen and progesterone.
Q: What is the function of estrogen?
A: Promotes female secondary sex characteristics and uterine lining growth.
Q: What is the function of progesterone?
A: Maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy and supports fetal development.
Q: What hormones do the testes release?
A: Androgens, mainly testosterone.
Q: What does testosterone do?
A: Promotes sperm production and male secondary sex characteristics.
Q: What is hypothyroidism?
A: A condition where the thyroid is underactive and produces too little thyroid hormone.
Q: What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?
A: Fatigue, slow heart rate, weight gain, low metabolism.
Q: Why might TSH levels be high in hypothyroidism?
A: Because the pituitary is trying to stimulate the underactive thyroid to produce hormones.
Q: What kind of doctor treats endocrine disorders?
A: An endocrinologist.
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