APUSH - Period 2

0APUSH Period 2 TAP Readings

(Chapters 3-5)

Start of the french and Indian War

Chapter 3 TAP pgs. 42-48

1. How did Martin Luther and John Calvin contribute to the founding of the colonies?

Martin Luther’s posting of the 95 theses sparked a fire of religious reforms known as the Protestant Reformation that divided people, toppled sovereigns, and kindled spiritual fervor in millions of men and women in which some of these people helped find America. John Calvin’s beliefs became the dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans, and other American settlers. In addition, it sparked the Separatists to depart for Plymouth, Massachusetts.

Luther and Calvin challenged the power of the church and ignited a fire of religious reform. The settlers of the New England region in America were primarily devout Puritans that desired separation from the Church of England.

2. Describe the basic doctrine of John Calvin.

The basic doctrine was that God was all-powerful and all-good while humans were weak and wicked, as a result of the corrupting effect of their original sin. In addition, predestination chose who would go to heaven- the elect-and who would go to hell. As a result, you do not want to associate with those that are damned and you must live a pure life and search for conversion experiences to ensure your salvation.

3. Who were the Puritans?

Puritans were English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic creeds and rituals. Some of the devout believed that only the “visible saints” should be admitted to church membership.

4. Why did the Separatists vow to break away from the Church of England?

The Church of England enrolled all the King’s subjects into the church, which meant that “saints” had to share communion rails and pews with the “damned”. The Puritans thought that this was unholy and only the “visible saints” should have church membership, in which they vowed to break away from the Church of England.

Separatists come before the Pilgrims

5. Where did the first Separatists go and why did they decide to leave that country? Why was the Mayflower compact an important document to American Democracy? What economic activity supported the Plymouth colony?

The first Separatists went to Holland and they decided to leave this place as they felt increasingly distressed by the “Dutchification” of their children. In other words, they wanted to live in a haven where they could live and die as English men and women who were purified Protestants. The Mayflower Compact was an important document to American Democracy because it was the first promising step toward genuine self-government, where adult male settlers could make their own laws in open-discussion town meetings. Their economic activity was in fur, fish (cod), and lumber, where the beaver and the Bible were their early mainstays. 

6. Describe the Great Migration.

During the Great Migration of the 1630s, about 70,000 refugees left England where not all of them were Puritans and not all came to Massachusetts. Some went to the Caribbean. 

The Great Migration was caused by the 1629 sanctioned persecutions of the Puritans. Further religious persecution in England forced over 70,000 refugees to head west and settle in the Americas.

7. Who was Jonathan Winthrop and why was he important to the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

John Winthrop was a pillar of English society, who was a successful attorney and manor lord in England. He was important to the Massachusetts Bay Colony as he served as governor for 19 years, where he helped their fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding prosper into important industries. They soon became the biggest and most influential New England outposts. 

• Model christian community

• Different way they are making money here - not a lot of big agriculture, agriculture for only your own needs

• “City upon the hill”

8. Describe early Puritan democracy? What power did religious leaders have over the colony? 

Although all male property holders, and sometimes residents were able to have public discussions, they still weren’t democratic. Even though freemen annually elected the governor, his assistants, and the General Court, these freemen were only Puritans, the “visible saints”. Thus, not everyone had the right to vote, even though God’s laws applied to everyone and everyone had to pay taxes.

• Government based on religion - theocracy

• Purpose of gov. Was to enforce God’s laws

9. Describe the challenges to Puritan beliefs, specifically the Quakers and Anne Hutchinson.

Puritans weren’t able to share their own beliefs, especially ones that went against the government. The Quakers who flouted the authority of the Puritan clergy were persecuted with floggings, fines, and banishment to the extent some became expelled. In addition, Anne Hutchison claimed antinomianism, in which that the holy life didn’t ensure that there was salvation and that the truly saved didn’t need to bother to obey the law of God and man. As she furthered her heresy through claiming her beliefs were from a direct revelation of God, she became banished. 

Quakers openly disregarded the power of the clergy. 

Anne Hutchinson challenged the idea of predestination. She was put in front of INquistion and banished from colony.

10. Why was Rhode Island founded? What was its nickname?

Rhode Island was founded as Roger Williams had to flee persecution. It ultimately became a place that had freedom of religion, except for Jews and Catholics. Its nickname was “sewer” or “Little Rhody”.

11. What was important about the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut? 

The Fundamental order was a modern constitution that established a regime democratically controlled by the “substantial” citizens. It was important as essential features were borrowed for its state constitution and colonial charter.

Constitutions outline powers of government and typically limit the government.

12. Describe the early Puritan-Indian relations.

In the beginning, the Wampanoag Indians befriended the settlers, to the point they celebrated the first Thanksgiving together. However, as more English settlers arrived and pushed inland, hostilities exploded in 1637, later known as the Pequot War. The English still tried to convert the Indians to Christianity, but it was of no use. Continually, the Indians tried resisting the English through intertribal unity. Metacom, or King Phillip forged this alliance and had a series of assaults on the English villages. Later known as the King Philip’s War, this destroyed many of the English colonies and slowed the westward March of English settlement. Not only this, the Indians drastically declined in numbers. 

King Philip’s war - frontier settlements hit hard

Chapter 3 TAP pgs. 48-54

1. Why were the Pequot War and King Philip's War fought? What were the results?

The Pequot War was fought for control over land and trade. It was a conflict between the English settlers with the Narragansett Indian allies and the Pequot Indians. This annihilated the Pequot tribe, bringing four decades of uneasy peace between the Indians and the Puritans. Continually, the Indians tried resisting the English through intertribal unity. Metacom, or King Phillip forged this alliance and had a series of assaults on the English villages. Later known as the King Philip’s War, this destroyed many of the English colonies and slowed the westward March of English settlement. Not only this, the Indians drastically declined in numbers.  King Philip’s war was fought so that they could get rid of the English repression and authority on them. 

Both fought because English encroachment.

2. Why was the New England Confederation important?

It was important as it was the first notable milestone towards an alliance between the colonies in not only defending themselves against foes or potential foes, but in also acting together on matters of intercolonial importance.

3. What was benign neglect?

This is when the king back in England had paid little attention to the American colonies during their early years of planting, they were able to become semi autonomous commonwealths.

4. What was the purpose of the Dominion of New England? What were the English Navigation Laws? What role did Sir Edmund Andros play in all of this? 

The purpose of the Dominion of New England was for King James II to have more control over the New England colonies. The Navigations laws regulated colonial shipping, in which only the English ships were allowed to trade in English and colonial ports and that all goods destined for the colonies and to first pass through England. Sir Edmund Andros essentially regulated all of this, meaning he was the one who didn’t allow town meetings, placed restrictions on the courts, schools, the press, taxed the people without the consent of their duly elected representatives, enforced the Navigation laws, and revoked all land titles.

Dominion of New England was a political move by London to unite New England colonies, making them more efficient and able to protect themselves from NA attacks.

Navigation Laws created mercantilism.

5. What was salutary neglect?

This was when the new monarchs relaxed the royal grip on colonial trade, weakly enforcing the Navigation Laws.

England sent leaders that were mostly corrupt and interested in managing colonies; they didn’t make a lot of money. The people who make lots of money bargains the leaders, making them not enforce the Navigation Acts.

6. How did the Dutch try to rival England in the New World? What was a patroonship? What was the fate of the Dutch in New Netherland?

The Dutch tried to rival England by having three great Anglo-Dutch wars during the 17th century in which there were hundred boats on each side, and they each had heavy blows. A patroonship was feudal estates fronting the Hudson River. The fate of the Dutch in New England was to become taken over by the English as they were towering over New Netherland. 

7. Why were Quakers offensive to authorities? 

Quakers were offensive as they refused to support the Church of England with taxes, hold meetings, didn’t take oaths which was required, and addressed each other with “thee”s and “thous” rather than the conventional titles, and wore their hats.

Chapter 3 TAP pgs. 54-60

1. What were the religious characteristics of Quakers? 

Quakers believed that everyone was children in the sight of God, in which they didn’t take their hats off even in the sight of elders. In addition, as they were people of deep conviction, they abhorred warfare and strife, refusing military service. In addition, they were advocates of passive resistance, meaning they would turn the other cheek. 

Didn’t want to follow other people’s teachings. 

2. Why did so many people know about the colony of Pennsylvania?

Many people knew about the colony of Pennsylvania because it was the best advertised. Penn sent out paid agents and distributed pamphlets that were printed in Dutch, French, English, and German. In addition, his inducements were generally truthful. Furthermore, as he had liberal land policy and was especially welcoming to substantial citizens and forward-looking spirits, this led to a heavy influx of immigrants.

3. How did Quakers treat Native Americans?

Quakers treated Native Americans with fairness. The Quakers would go among them unarmed, even employing them as baby-sitters.

4. What was the Quakers’ position regarding slavery?

The Quakers had a strong dislike of black slavery. 

5. What was the nickname of the middle colonies and why?

Pennsylvania, New Work, and New Jersey came to be known as the “bread colonies’. Giant export of grain

Quakers have relatively fertile society; growing similar crops like South

Must Know: Events and People

English colonization efforts

New England colonies

Puritans

Protestant evangelicalism

King Philip's War (Metacom’s War)

The Middle Colonies

Dutch colonial efforts

British imperial structure

Salutary neglect (AKA “erratic enforcement of British imperial policies”) 

Historical Thinking Skills 

Argumentation

The authors contend that “especially along the rocky shores of New England, it was not worldly wealth but religious devotion that principally shaped the earliest settlements.” Formulate a historical argument that supports, modifies, or refutes this assertion.

The author's contention that “especially along the rocky shores of New England, it was not worldly wealth but religious devotion that principally shaped the earliest settlements” is true. For example, Puritans came to Massachusetts for the goal of evangelizing their faith, purifying the Church of England, and establishing religious freedom. This shows how with this goal, the earliest settlements began building upon religious foundations. 

Causation

What caused the demographic, religious, and ethnic diversity in the middle colonies? 

Comparison

During the 1600s, the British colonists in the Chesapeake and New England developed vastly different societies. What examples account for these regional differences? 

During the 1600s, the British colonists in the Chesapeake and New England developed vastly different societies as they differed in economic ways. For instance, Virginia in the Chesapeake colonies used tobacco as their main source of profit, while Massachusetts in New England used shipbuilding as their main source of profit, in which they didn’t have much plantations. This shows how although the colonies came from the same mother country, the way in which they earned money was different. 

Chapter 4 TAP pgs. 62-70

1. Why did the population of the Chesapeake region grow so slowly?

It grew so slowly as a result of diseases, including malaria, typhoid, and dysentery. Thus, babies could hardly survive and the life expectancy was cut down 10 years for all men and women. (shortage of women)

2. How did Chesapeake farmers respond to falling crop prices? 

They responded by planting more acres of tobacco and bringing more products to market.

3. Who were indentured servants and what was the headright system?

They were displaced English workers and farmers, mostly young men, who were desperate for employment as a result of the enclosure movements and the disastrous slump in the cloth trades. The headright system allowed one to get fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer’s passage into the colony.

Indentured servants were displaced farmers that boarded ships to America, voluntarily mortgaging the sweat of their bodies for several years to Chesapeake masters in exchange for passage dues.

4. What was Bacon’s Rebellion and how did it help to usher in an expansion of slavery? 

In 1676, this rebellion began. Mostly consisting of frontiersmen who had been forced into the untamed country in search of arable land, they resented Berkelely’s friendly policies towards the Indians. When Berekeley refused to retaliate the brutal Indian attacks, Bacon and his followers decided to take this into their own hands. They put the torch to the capital, chased Berkeley out of Jamestown etc. Bacon suddenly died of disease, so    Berekeley crushed the uprising. 

Basically, Bacon had ignited the smoldering resentments of landless former servants, which resulted in the rebellion.

As planters were surrounded by these still malcontented people, they were looking for less troublesome laborers to help their tobacco plantations, in which they looked at Africa. 

5. Describe the middle passage.

These were the routes that carried slaves from Africa to the New world.  Death rates were as high as 20% in this passage. (was sweltering and gruesome - passengers usually bound and branded

6. How did slaves help to build the colonial economy? 

They helped build it as a racial society was shaped. The boundary between freedom and unfreedom was based on the color line and the blacks’ children also had to serve their masters. 

 tobacco cultivation

1865 - civil war over

Slaves replaced indentured servants as a more controllable asset and sustainable labor source. The use of slavery furthered the growth of plantation economy and widened gap in South between planters and rest of population.

7. Describe the social structure of southern society. 

1. Great planters, gentry, First Families of Virginia - gangs of slaves + vast domains - own about 50-100 slaves

2. Largest pop. - Small farmers who owned ½ slaves and had modest plots, but lived a ragged existence; owned about 200 acres - up to 20 slaves

3. Landless whites (indentured servants)

4. Persons still serving out term of indenture -> black slaves

Chapter 4 TAP pgs. 70-76

1. Describe the New England family in terms of lifespan, migration, marriage, family stability, and women’s rights. 

• Life span: added ten years as they had cooler temperatures and cleaner waters; average lifespan of 70 years

• Migration: tended to migrate as families, not single individuals (family remained center in New England life)

  • Population grew from natural reproduction

• Marriage: typically married during early twenties, producing babies about every 2 years until menopause

• Family stability: The long life of New Englanders contributed to family stability.TIn nurturing environments, the children grew up, with expectations to learn the habits of obedience. These children received guidance from both their parents and grandparents. Some say that this intergenerational has allowed New England to “invent” grandparents. This family stability was shown in low premarital pregnancy rates and a strong social structure.

• Women’s rights: Once the New England women were married, they had to give up their property rights. However, laws of New England ensured to secure provisions for the property rights of widows, and some even extended important protections to women who were within marriage. 

  • In the New World during the 17th century, women still couldn’t vote, and a popular attitude that women were morally weaker than men persisted, due to the biblical tale of Eve’s treachery in the Garden of Eden.

  • However, when factory systems evolve, women are the first to work here

2. What did a Puritan town look like? What did Puritans require in towns with fifty or more families?

A Puritan town was considered very orderly. The colonial authorities legally chartered the New towns and “proprietors” were the ones entrusted with the distribution of land. These proprietors would then move themselves and their families to the designated place, laying out their towns. These towns typically consisted of a meeting house that served as a town hall and place of worship, and a village green for the militia. Each family received several pieces of land, including a tract suitable for growing crops, for pasturing animals, and a woodlot for fuel. The towns which included more than fifty families were required to provide elementary education. In addition, these Puritans ran their own churches that had democracy, which naturally turned into democracy for the political government.

• Replicate English towns

3. What was the Half-Way Covenant and why was it put in place? 

The Half-Way Covenant was a new arrangement that modified the “covenant”, which was essentially an agreement between the church and its adherents, for them to admit to baptism, but not full communion, and also for them to be children baptized, but not yet converted existing members. This was put in place as the ministers were troubled by the new form of sermon, jeremiad, and the decline in conversions. Also, this allowed there to be less distinction between the “elect” and others.

Created in response to a declining group of saints that had experienced conversion. The church decided a new formula for membership was needed & agreed that you could be a member if you were baptized but you were not allowed communion until you were fully converted.

4. What did the Salem Witch trial show about Puritan society? 

It showcased the widening social stratification and the fear of many religious traditionalists that the Puritan heritage was being overshadowed by Yankee commercialism.

5. What yielded the most wealth in New England?

The codfish yield the most wealth in New England.

6. What is the New England Conscience and what is its legacy for America? 

It is essentially the ways the early settlers lived that has impacted life to this day. For instance, women would do house chores and care for their children, while men worked outside, planting, cutting firewood, etc. This also includes the Puritan emphasis on education, which is prominent today. Thus, its legacy for America is that it is still impacting our daily lives, as women and men adhere to similar tasks and children still have to go to school. 

• It left a legacy of high idealism in the nation's character, also inspiring many later reforms.

• Ths was born of the steadfast Puritan heritage and left a legacy of high idealism in national character and inspired many later reforms.

Must Know: Events and People

English colonization efforts: No new colonies found; how the colonies are developing

• Chesapeake: growing a lot of tobacco and using indentured servants

• New England: Puritan religion important, fishing, fur trade, shipbuilding

Atlantic slave trade: massive increase in slaves because of Bacon’s Rebellion

Chattel slavery: The slaves were essentially your slaves; you can control them in the way you want (paper on the people). The South got rich through this. 

Indentured servants: Whites, Englishmen who come to work on tobacco plantations for a set number of years. This is a legal binding contract between the servants and the slaves. Bacon’s rebellion ends the use of the indentured servants.

Participatory town meeting: Only occurs in New England because the towns & villages in New England are so small - called Participatory democracy 

Historical Thinking Skills 

Patterns of Continuity and Change Over Time

Explain the development of indentured servitude and slavery in the British colonies through the seventeenth century? 

The development of indentured servitude in the British colonies through the seventeenth century can be explained by the decrease of jobs for people in England. For instance, the enclosure movement resulted in farmers losing their jobs, in which they signed contracts to come to the Americas and serve as slaves. This showcases how the exploration of different regions led to diverse opportunities for the Europeans.

The development of slavery in the British colonies through the seventeenth century can be explained by the British desire for profit. For instance, in the Chesapeake colonies, they used many slaves for their tobacco cultivation. This shows that the British didn’t care to think that the slaves were also people, but only thought of the ways in which they could prosper and flourish.

Analyzing Evidence

The authors contend that “nature smiled more benignly on pioneer New Englanders than on their disease-plagued fellow colonists to the south.” How much relevant historical evidence can you identify that supports this assertion? What might have been the cause for this difference between the two groups of colonists? 

The authors contention that  “nature smiled more benignly on pioneer New Englanders than on their disease-plagued fellow colonists to the south” can be supported by increased life expectancy of this region. For instance, as this region had cooler weather and cleaner weathers, in comparison to the south, it allowed the New Englanders’ life span to increase by 10-25 years. This reveals how the New England colonies grew bigger families and were able to prosper in terms of economy by themselves, without slaves.

The cause for this difference between the two groups of colonists was the difference in the climate. For instance, whereas the climate in the South was hot and humid, with very cold winters, the climate in New England was much cooler and there weren’t extremely cold winters. This reveals the difference in climate led to more widespread diseases, leading to a lower life span and higher death toll. (70 years was the lifespan)

Chapter 5 TAP pgs. 78 - 86

1. What was the single most important manufacturing activity in the colonies? 

Lumbering

2. Describe the settlement of the Germans and the Scots-Irish.

Germans settled in Pennsylvania, with splendid stone barns and no adherence to the British. They also created sturdy homes and cleared their forests. The Scot-Irish came to Pennsylvania due to their mistreatment as Scots Lowlanders. The Scot-Irish here squatted on unoccupied lands and had many conflicts with Indians and white owners. In addition, the Scots-Irish satisfied themselves with floorless, flimsy cabins where they chopped trees and planted between the stumps. They lay scattered along the “great wagon road,” which was from Pennsylvania to Georgia.

German settlements typically included sturdy homes and meticulously cleared fields whereas Scots-Irish built flooress flimsy log cabins hopped down trees and farmed around the slumps.

3. Describe the Paxton Boys and the Regulator movement.

Paxton Boys: The Scottish Irish led an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764, protesting about the Quaker oligarchy’s lenient policy towards the Indians

Regulator movement: It was an insurrection in North Carolina against the eastern domination of the colony’s affairs. (uprising of underclass to upper class along Atlantic Seaboard)

Both were movements led by pugnacious, lawless, and individualistic minded Scots-Irish. The movements were directed against the government. 

4. What types of slave revolts took place in the colonies at this time?

The New York slave revolt occurred in 1712 that cost the lives of 9 whites and execution of 21 blacks. The South Carolina slave revolt erupted in 1739 when more than 50 resentful blacks along the Stono River tried to march to Spanish Florida, but the local militia stopped them. In both cases, the black slaves were seeking freedom from their white masters.

5. What did the Molasses Act do? 

It raised taxes on molasses, rum, and sugar to establish a monopoly on British West Indies’ sugar.

The Molasses Act was aimed at blocking American trade with the French West Indies. This was a crucial cash source for the colonists to purchase products from the British. The colonists responded by bribing officials and smuggling goods to get around the taxes and restrictions.

6. What important role did taverns play in politics?

Taverns were utilized as meeting places for assemblies and courts, destinations for refreshment and entertainment, and, most importantly, democratic venues of debate and discussion.

Taverns were clearinghouses of information. Important in crystalizing public opinion and hotbeds of agitation. They were located on all the main routes of travel and provided amusement.

7. Describe the structure of colonial society.

In the 18th century, there was no social structure where even blacks were small farmers. However, colonial society on the eve of the Revolution began building barriers to mobility and signs of stratification. Armed conflicts led the prosperous merchants to climb to the top of the ladder. In addition, many widows and orphans were created, with many impoverished people. This was because there was less unclaimed soil and families grew, so the existing lands even got divided. However, slaves weren’t distributed evenly, leading to wealth mostly in the South. In addition, lower classes were created as indentured servants continued to come in, voluntarily and involuntarily. The lowest was the slaves.

There were elites in MIddle and NEw ENgland colonies that were supplying militar goods during war times.

8. What was the triangular trade? What products were shipped along each leg of the route?

It was a system of trading between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. From North America to South America, Fish, livestock, flour, and lumber was mostly transported, while slaves from Africa were transported to the Americas. To Europe, crops, manufactured products, and more were shipped.

Rum to Africa. Then, with slaves to the West Indies for molasses. Then, back to New England for rum

Chapter 5 TAP pgs. 86-99

1. What kind of movement was the Great Awakening?

It was a religious movement. With Johnathan Edwards leading and George Whitefiled also soon following, this time period proclaimed how everyone could come to the church, not just those who got educated. Jonathan proclaimed the importance of depending on God, rather than good works. In addition, there was emphasis on emotions. 

2. Describe the difference between an “old light” and a “new light”.

The old lights were the orthodox clergymen, while the new lights were the revivalists. The old lights had traditional views: that God looks at good works too, there are certain requirements for a membership in the church, you need education, etc. The New Lights denied many of these ideas, instead declaring emotionalism.

3. The Puritans of New England became popularly known as the Congregationalists and were the largest religious denomination in the colonies. What was the second largest religious denomination in the colonies and where were they located?

• Anglican (Church of England) was in Georgia, North & South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, New York [New York & Southern colonies]

• Official church of England that is headed by king

• *CONGREGATIONALISTS ARE THE PURITANS

4. What was the name of the popular book published by Benjamin Franklin?

Poor Richard’s Almanack

5. What was the significance of the John Peter Zenger case?

It showcased the banner achievement for the freedom of the press and the health of democracy. In other words, it pointed the way to an open, public discussion required by a diverse society that were the colonies and eventually America.. It also helped establish the doctrine that true statements about public officials count not be prosecuted as libel.+-

• Slander - publicly state something 

• Plander? - to write something

Must Know: Events and People

English colonization efforts: 13 colonies established

• Got to know names of colonies and regions they are in

British imperial system

• Mercantilism (colonies serve interests of mother country)

Atlantic economy (not columbian exchange, it’s massive trading along the Atlantic)

• Triangular trade

Anglicization

• The colonies are influenced by things in England

Protestant evangelicalism: spread the word

The Great Awakening (New Light/Old Light - provided groundwork for American Revolution by questioning traditional authority)

• Goes w/protestant evangelicalism

• It is an evangelical, revival movement

Transatlantic print culture

• Stuff that is printed in English, that makes its way into the colonies

• This is another example of anglicization

Benjamin Franklin (Renaissance Man)

• Businessman, printer, writer, political philospher

Historical Thinking Skills 

Contextualization

The authors claim that by 1775 “democratic seeds, planted in rich soil, were to bring forth a lush harvest in later years.” Identify ways the Great Awakening and colonial forms of government provided the context for the roots of democracy in colonial society.

From “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

1. What images might have been powerful to listeners of the time?

Images of dangers in the natural world, including tornadoes, storms, and other disastrous events.

2. What do these images have in common?

They are all frightening images that have common meanings of God’s wrath and his anger towards the sinners.

3. How does the last paragraph differ from the previous ones?

The last paragraph is a more positive tone than the other paragraphs. It talks about the hope that God can give you when you repent and achieve salvation. In addition, it mentions the chance you can have to turn to God.

4. Why would this sermon and others like it appeal more to young people than to older people?

There is more emotion, because as you get older, you begin to start caring less about other things.

5. Why do many historians see the Great Awakening as part of the groundwork of the American Revolution?

• The idea of individualism grew more.

• Democracy came back as the form of government.

• New LIght preachers are challenging the traditional authority, the orthodoxy of the Puritan church. The revolutionaries also question the authority of the king, the parliament, etc.